Review of a Leader Movie Armageddon - 1527 Words

The movie ARMAGEDDON circles around its main character, Bruce Willis and depicts his exceptional leadership qualities as a father, a company boss and a project team leader. Even though this is just a movie, but it gives a very comprehensive emphasis on true leadership and how a good leader can achieve the desired results in any situation. Some of the attributes of a good leader as depicted by the character played by Bruce Willis are as follows; 1. Style Of Leadership The style of leadership portrayed by Bruce Willis was decisive and with full conviction, in the best interest of everyone under his care and jurisdiction as shown below. a) As a father, he undertook the sole responsibility of bringing up his daughter from young, after†¦show more content†¦He loved his daughter very much and was very protective of her well being and future. b) As a company boss, he was well liked and well respected by all his workers. He did not hesitate to terminate his best worker when he jeopardized the safety of the other staff, thus confirming that he was fair, but strict, and this applied to all. c) As the project leader, he showed great conviction and determination. His ability to make decisive decisions and actions showed his leadership qualities and his ultimate sacrifice showed that he was a leader with great compassion for others without any regards for his own well being. 4) Motivation A good leader is always able to motivate all by his exemplary actions and effective communications. This was well depicted in the movie. It described how a good leader can have appositive effect on others and can turn failures into success, danger into safety and despair into joy as portrayed by Bruce Willis. a) He managed to motivate and convinced his daughter to allow him to undertake the assignment, even though it might cost him his life. Even though the movie does not depict much about his relationship with his daughter, we can imagine how much his motivation affected his daughters willingness to follow him everywhere he goes. Even though her role in the project was minimal, it showed how motivated she was, in trying to ensure that the project wasShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination That Changed the Nation1207 Words   |  5 Pagesin full effect. JFK supported both integration and civil right, and it was one of Kennedys central problems in regards to the disagreement between blacks and whites. Despite those issues, Kennedy did rise to the occasion, by preventing a Nuclear Armageddon, establishing the Peace Corps, which was to encourage young individuals to seek mutual understanding of different cultures and nations, and funding the program for the expedition to the moon, to list a few. With Kennedys changes, it is as if AmericanRead MoreSacrifice And Saving Private Ryan4254 Words   |  18 Pageselderly man standing at the cemetery. Ryan looks to his wife saying, â€Å"Tell me I’ve been a good man†. She looks confused at first but slowly nods giving him a positive response. The last scene is of an American flag flying over the cemetery. Literature Review During my research for the analysis of this paper my research was focused on finding article that dealt mostly with the theme of sacrifice. While I did find many articles that wrote on the subject of the film Saving Private Ryan not one talked specificallyRead MoreEssay about The Life and Literary Works of Shirley Jackson4264 Words   |  18 PagesHymans moved to Westport, Connecticut. As usual she worked hard. Six of her stories were published in various magazines including The New Mexico Quarterly Review, Colliers, and The Readers Digest. A year later her second novel, Hangsaman was ready for publication. Critics, a Time magazine staffer and the writer of The Yale Review, regarded this book as one of the outstanding books of the year. (Friedman, 29) During the 1950s, while her children were growing up, Jackson publishedRead MoreAmerican Sport Movies Dealing with Racism6989 Words   |  28 Pagescinema. For decades movie makers have successfully mined sports to produce some of the most inspiring, poignant, exciting and memorable American movies ever made. The genre of ‘Sport Movies’ established in the Fifties and the Sixties. At the very beginning it was hard to see it as an independent genre because there was a lot of mixture. There have been propaganda movies as well as comedies, dramas, gangster movies or even westerns combined with some sport scenes. So the movie industry defined threeRead MoreWalt Disney Case16863 Words   |  68 Pagessustain the studio indefinitely. The real 14 money, he felt, lay in full-length feature films. In 1937, Disney released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world’s first full-length, full-color animated feature, and the highest grossing animated 15 movie of all time. In a move that would later become a Disney trademark, a few Snow White products stocked the shelves of Sears and Woolworth’s the day of the release. With the success of Snow White, the company set a goal of releasing two feature filmsRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 Pagesentertainment value of a visit to the new theme park; the emphasis was on the size of the park, which â€Å"ruined the magic.† To counter this, ads were changed to feature Zorro, a French favorite, Mary Poppins, and Aladdin, star of the huge moneymaking movie success. A print ad campaign at that time featured Aladdin, Cinderella’s castle, and a little girl being invited to enjoy a â€Å"magic vacation† at the kingdom where â€Å"all dreams come true.† Six new attractions were added in 1994, including the Temple of

John D. Rockefeller as a Robber Baron Essay - 3605 Words

John D. Rockefeller as a Robber Baron A robber baron was someone who employed any means necessary to enrich themselves at the expense of their competitors. Did John D. Rockefeller fall into that category or was he one of the captains of industry, whose shrewd and innovative leadership brought order out of industrial chaos and generated great fortunes that enriched the public welfare through the workings of various philanthropic agencies that these leaders established? In the early 1860s Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, who came to epitomize both the success and excess of corporate capitalism. His company was based in northwestern Pennsylvania. A major question historians have disagreed on has been whether†¦show more content†¦John D. Rockefeller and his comrades had stolen a long march on their 3 opponents, their tactics shaped themselves already as giant industrialists of the future conquering the pigmies. Josephson said, Entrenched at the narrows of the mighty river of petroleum, they could no more be dislodged than those other barons, who had planted their castles along the Rhine(Taking Sides 35). Ralph W. Hidey and Muriel E. Hidey disagreed with Josephson. In the book Taking Sides, They believe that John D. Rockefeller and his associates created and applied a system for operating a large integrated industrial enterprise, which was one of the earliest representatives of Big Business. He contributed to the development of American petroleum industry and through it to the growth of the economy. The Hideys believed that Rockefellers greatest contribution, beyond the concept of Standard Oil combination itself, was the persuasion of strong men to join the alliance and to work together effectively in its management. Oil policies went deep into the personalities and early experiences of Rockefeller and his colleagues. They had heightened uncertainty and speculation about their activities by their secrecy in building the alliance and by their evasive and legal testimony on the witness stand. There tended to be aroused antagonism because the veryShow MoreRelated Robber Barons and the Captains of Industry Made Americas Economy of Today862 Words   |  4 Pagesfactions in US history, the Robber Barons and the Captains of Industry. These two are what made the way America’s economy it is today. The Robber Barons and the Captains of industry were both very similar but completely different with how they operated in the economic world. Robber Barons made wealth in a variety of ways but still maintained the sense of thieves from the way they attained their wealth and treated their people hence forth their name. The Robber Barons were considered a unlikable formRead MoreThe Myth Of Robber Barons By Burton W. Folsom1141 Words   |  5 PagesAishwarya Nandini Jonathan M. Steplyk HIST 1312-012 19 October 2017 Book Review: The Myth of the Robber Barons by Burton W. Folsom The Myth of Robber Barons is a short, but excellent book that talks about the entrepreneurs of early America. It argues against the misconception that the successful businessmen of the 19th century, often called the â€Å"robber barons†, amassed a big fortune by robbing the general public, whereas, they became wealthy because they offered good quality products and servicesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Myth Of Robber Barons1347 Words   |  6 Pagesrichest men in history. These men got the nickname â€Å"robber barons† due to their creation of large monopolies by making questionable business and government activities, and by taking advantage of their workers to succeed. But in The Myth of the Robber Barons by Burton W. Folsom, he argues against these claims, and he takes a deeper look into some of America’s richest and most successful men. By specifically looking at Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, James J. Hill, the Scranton family and manyRead More19th Cen tury s Famous Industrial Men : Robber Barons Or Captains Of Industry?1833 Words   |  8 Pagesmen: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? By: Justine Wetten Advanced U.S. History Mr. Unis January 5th, 2015 Discuss whether the industrial leaders of the late nineteenth century are more accurately described as â€Å"captains of industry† or â€Å"robber barons†? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation will assess whether the industrial leaders, such as, Andrew Carnegie, John Pierpont Morgan and John Davison Rockefeller were perceivedRead MoreRobber Baron Vs. Captain of Industry.1524 Words   |  7 PagesRobber Baron Vs. Captain of Industry? John D. Rockefeller was the guiding force behind the creation of the Standard Oil Company, which grew to dominate the oil industry. This company was one of the first big trusts in the United States, thus much controversy and opposition arose regarding business strategies and its organization. John D. Rockefeller was also one of the United States first major philanthropists, establishing numerous important foundations and donating close to $600 million to variousRead More The Robber Barons Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Robber Barons When the names Carnagie, Rockefeller, and Pullman come to mind, most of us automatically think of what we saw or read in our history books: These men were kind and generous and through hard work and perseverance, any one of you could become a success story like them, right? Wrong. I am sick of these people being remembered for the two or three good deeds they have done. Publicity and media have exaggerated the generosity of these men, the government has spoiled these namesRead More Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller Essay626 Words   |  3 Pages Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller; Captains of industry, or robber barons?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  True, Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller may have been the most influential businessmen of the 19th century, but was the way they conducted business proper? To fully answer this question, we must look at the following: First understand how Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller changed the market of their industries. Second, look at the similarities and differences in how both men achieved dominationRead MoreThe Myth Of Robber Barons1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of Robber Barons discusses some of the major entrepreneurs in of the United States from 1850 to 1910. Burton Folsom also discusses these entrepreneur’s key role in their fields and the whole economy of the United States. The entrepreneurs discussed are Commodore Vanderbilt, James J. Hill, The Scranton’s Group, Charles Schwab, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Mellon. We know these men as â€Å"Robber Barons,† but Folsom argues that these entrepreneurs succeeded by producing qu ality product andRead MoreRobber Barons Or Industrial Giants. In The Late19Th And1455 Words   |  6 PagesRobber Barons or Industrial Giants In the late19th and early 20th centuries, a severely divided, 100-year old nation called the United States of America, underwent major transformations that would forever change America and the world. The cause of the changes was America’s Industrial Era, which began roughly eleven years after the Civil War ended. The industrialization of America could not have started and continued without big money, and the leaders and financiers of the movement were capitalistsRead MoreJohn Rockefeller: American Business Mogul Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Davison Rockefeller was born on July 8th, 1839 in Richford, New York. He was the second born of six children in the family. His father, William Avery Rockefeller, was an entrepreneur of his own. He claimed to have the ability to cure patients with cancer and charged up to $25 per treatment. His mother was a very religious and well-organized woman. Growing up Rockefeller started his entrepreneurship career early by selling candy and doing jobs for his neighbors. Little did anyone know this

Scrooge’s Change in ‘a Christmas Carol’ Free Essays

In the novel A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is a man who is portrayed as very cold hearted, â€Å"the cold within him froze his features†. He always kept attention to himself and never cared about anyone else. The whole town knew him as a bad man, even â€Å"the blindmen’s dogs knew him†¦ and would tug their owners into corners away from him†. We will write a custom essay sample on Scrooge’s Change in ‘a Christmas Carol’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jacob Marley was his partner in life, and even though their relationship was for business only, he was Scrooge’s only friend. In regret from his own life, Marley and the Three Ghosts of Christmas change Scrooge’s attitude towards life. Jacob Marley was much like Scrooge in his life. He also was cold hearted and only cared about money. In his death, he learnt that it was too late for him to change, but he wanted to give Scrooge the opportunity to become a better person. Marley came to Scrooge to warn him about how he regretted not helping people or being kind. Marley now wanted to help people in life, but he wore â€Å"the chain (he) forged in life†. Marley’s visit startled Scrooge, but he still brushed off the warning and thought that Marley was a dream. Jacob Marley regrets not doing all the things he could have in life, but Scrooge is yet to realise why he needs to change. The first ghost that is sent by Marley is the ghost of Christmas past. The ghost takes Scrooge back in time to where Scrooge was born and raised. At the sight of the village, Scrooge softens and is excited for a moment before returning to his old personality. A change is shown at this point because Scrooge reflects on the good past life he had. Scrooge is shown a scene from when he was a boy, left alone at Christmas whilst everyone else was celebrating. It shows how Scrooge is imagining friends because he is so lonely. After seeing himself Scrooge he regrets not paying attention to the people he’s seen celebrating Christmas. â€Å"There was a boy singing a Christmas carol at my door last night, I would have liked to have given him something, that’s all†. This shows that even though Scrooge hasn’t realized that he is changing, he is starting to become more aware of the things he’s done wrong, and of the community. Scrooge is then shown the time when he was an apprentice, under the employment of Mr. Fezziwig. Fezziwig was a jolly old man, who always respected his workers and cared for them, unlike Scrooge. This scene gives Scrooge the lesson to be kinder to his apprentice Bob Cratchit. The ghost shows Scrooge the annual Christmas parties that Fezziwig held, where rooms were filled with laughter and joy, reminding Scrooge that he had a fun and joyous life in the past. â€Å"The happiness (he) gives, is quite as great as if it cost a fortune. † The ghost of Christmas Past changes Scrooge by making him aware of his past life, and the kindness he once showed. Scrooge is visited by a second spirit, the ghost of Christmas present. The spirit transports Scrooge around the city, showing him scenes of festivity and also deprivation that were happening as they watched. He shows Scrooge the Cratchit household and how happy they are despite being poor, for the second time Scrooge realises how he has abused his power as an employer. Tiny Tim is introduced, he is one of Bob Cratchit’s younger children. Tiny Tim walks with a crutch as he has an incurable illness. The spirit shares a vision of Tiny Tim’s crutch, carefully preserved by the fireplace. Scrooge asks if Tim will die. The Ghost first states that â€Å"If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future, the child will die†. Scrooge reflects back to his past unkind comments towards two charitable solicitors against him. Scrooge suggests â€Å"had better do it, and decrease the surplus population† (about the poor children of London), Scrooge is disgusted at his own words and is concerned for Tiny Tim and his family. Bob Cratchit and his family all gather round and make a toast to scrooge, even though they know he is disrespectful and â€Å"the ogre of the family†, they still thank Scrooge. The guests of Scrooge’s nephew, Fred, also toast to Scrooge despite his cruelty. The ghost of Christmas Present, changes Scrooge by making him feel obliged to help the poor of London, and the ghost makes him aware of what people think of him. The last and the most fearsome of the phantoms visit Scrooge, the ghost of Christmas yet to come. He takes Scrooge to the future to show Scrooge what happens after Scrooge’s death. People question what happened to the deceased Scrooge, but most of the people yawn and don’t have any interest in what happened. They are interested in his money and possessions. He was â€Å"alone by himself. † This shows that when Scrooge dies he will not be missed and people will not have a care or interest. Three wealthy men remark that his funeral will be cheap,† if anyone comes at all†. He is taken to his house where a poor family is stealing belongings, and an unmasked figure lies on the bed. The ghost starts unmasking the figure but Scrooge tells him to stop, as he fears the figure is him. The ghost takes him to the graveyard where his â€Å"neglected grave† lay. With a connection to death, Scrooge is taken to the Cratchit’s home where the atmosphere is sad and depressing. The family is all upset over the passing of Tiny Tim. Scrooge wishes he was able to help Bob Cratchit more by raising his money to provide the right treatment for Tiny Tim. Scrooge vows to change and help people for the better. The three ghosts and Jacob Marley, change Scrooge for the better. Their visits made Scrooge aware of his wrong-doing. They showed him what others were like in good spirits, and what would happen in the future if he didn’t change. Scrooge realized how he could change and â€Å"he was better than his word†. The ghosts made Scrooge a better person. How to cite Scrooge’s Change in ‘a Christmas Carol’, Essay examples

Individual Position Statement on Evidence Practice-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIndividual Position Statement on Evidence Based Practice. Answer: Introduction Evidence-based practice aims at hardwiring available nursing knowledge into making decisions related to healthcare process to improve the provisions of care and the patient outcomes. It holds huge promise to produce the intended health outcomes. Majority of the healthcare deficits lead to significant avoidable harms. The Quality Chasm Report was first developed in the form of a blueprint with the objective of redesigning healthcare processes. The chasm focused on using evidences to inform best practices in a hospital setting (Harolds, 2016). This report aims to elaborate on the effect of evidence-based practice on patient outcomes and the role of nurses in implementing such practice. Discussion Components of EBP Evidence-based practice (EBP) can be best defined as the explicit, conscientious, and judicious use of current evidences while making decisions related to care of individual patients. Clinical expertise is integrated with the best clinical evidence that is available from systemic research. This integration helps to provide a holistic care to the patients and increases patient satisfaction. Nursing knowledge helped me understand that evidence, itself, is not sufficient to make healthcare decisions. However, it plays an essential role in supporting the patient care process. Complete integration of all the three components in clinical decision making process, enhances the opportunity for increased clinical outcomes and better quality of life (Andre Heartfield, 2011). Patient encounters often lead to the generation of questions that are related to the effects of therapy, prognosis of diseases, utility of diagnostic tests, and aetiology of disorders. Therefore, the practice requires nurses to acquire new skills, engage in efficient literature search, and apply formal rules of evidence to evaluate the clinical literature (Courtney McCutcheon, 2010). Figure 1- Components of EBP Role of EBP in improving patient outcome Results from several researches helped me gain knowledge that improved patient outcomes, high care quality, reduced hospitalization costs, and greater satisfaction are achieved when compared to traditional care approaches. The standards of practice set by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia states that a Registered nurse (RN) is entitled with the duty of carrying out evidence-based and person-centred practices and should follow approaches that have a preventative, supportive and curative role (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). These standards provided me the information that when an RN is involved in accessing, analyzing and using the best available evidence, which includes research findings, a safer and better quality of care service can be given to the patients, catering to their specific demands. These standards also state that a relevant plan should be developed to appraise the comprehensive research information collected, before documenting and applying the evidence in hospital setting. Mentors of evidence-based practice directly work with clinicians and try to implement the best practices (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2017). Supportive context of EBP, administrative support and multifaceted education program assistance enhance the effectiveness of EBP in improving the outcomes. An organized setting or environment where the patients receive healthcare services is an extremely important factor in implementation of evidence at care centres. I realized that patient outcomes are greatly enhanced with the implementation of a wide range of strategies such as availability of resources and mentors, enhancement of individual skills of healthcare leaders and clinicians, allotment of sufficient time, tools and resources that enable clinicians to engage in effective research of the best possible care approaches (Stevens, 2013). My nursing knowledge also assisted me to understand that patient outcomes get improved on rewarding or recognizing the staff who are engaged in the effort of implementing EBP and by the presence of healthcare leaders who are responsible for spearheading the teams and creating strategic goals and vision for achieving best patient-centred care (Aarons Sommerfeld, 2012). In order to measure the effect of EBP on patient outcome, a study was conducted that aimed to develop EBP competencies for APN and registered nurses, practicing in clinical setting. These competencies could be used by the healthcare institutions to obtain a high performing system that sustains EBP. Initially, a set of competencies were formulated by national EBP leaders through a consensus building process, followed by conduction of a survey across the nation with the aim to determine clarity and consensus of the developed competencies (Melnyk et al., 2014). From the findings, I can deduce that higher quality and consi stency was observed in patient outcomes and the cost of hospitalization reduced significantly when these competencies were incorporated in the healthcare system. Another research focused on reporting a natural experiment, where an EBP unit was formed by reorganization of the internal medicine service. However, the rest of the services were unchanged. The units were made to attend to similar patients and the outcomes were compared. I deduced that patients who were subjected to EBP, showed a significantly lower death risk and shorter length of hospital stays (Emparanza, Cabello Burls, 2015). This helped me reach the conclusion that implementation of such evidence-based approaches are effective in enhancing patient outcomes. Clinical and theoretical application of EBP My clinical knowledge and the standards of practice helped me understand that a registered nurse plays a vital role in ensuring the engagement and application of evidence-based practice at the point of care. There are several formulations of national competencies that are specific for registered nurses. Before implementing these EBP to a theoretical setting, it is necessary to identify the competencies (Florin et al., 2012). The implementation process involves some essential activities such as, planning a course of action, engaging appropriate individuals in the implementation, executing the implementation following the standards of the plan and finally evaluating the implementation efforts. According to the standards of practice, I can state that an accurate and comprehensive conduction of systematic assessments is essential for RNs. This helps them to analyse data and information and communicate the outcomes (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). This forms the basis for our practice. In order to implement such practices theoretically, it is necessary that we should use a wide range of evaluation techniques that will help us to systematically collect accurate and relevant data and assess the resources that are available for our planning (Stokke et al., 2014). We should work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals to determine the factors that might affect the wellbeing and health of our patients (Friesen?Storms et al., 2015). This will help us to identify the patient priorities for future referral. Development of the evidence-based plans agreed upon, I partnership will further help in their implementation. According to the standards of practice, nurses are responsible for constructing nursing practice plans until the goals, priorities and contingencies are met (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). We should be involved in effective formulation of the practices until the intended outcomes and actions are agreed upon by all healthcare staff who is involved in the setting. The role of RN also entitles us to assess the time frame of engagement and coordinate the planned actions effectively before implementing the practices. We should work towards providing comprehensive and safe practice to the patients to achieve the desired goals. Moreover, effective implementation of the EBP is achieved when we follow the relevant guideline, policies, regulations and standards to provide safe patient services. Implementing EBP without training Despite the favourable findings, that support the role of registered nurses in applying EBP to improve health outcomes of the patients, nurses often remain inconsistent in the implementation process. My clinical experience helped me realize that there are some nurses, whose inadequate education and training makes it difficult for them to follow EBP that has been incorporated in their nursing curriculum (Gray et al., 2013). RNs often lack basic internet and computer skills, necessary for implementation of these practices. As a result, various misconceptions arise about EBP. These lead to the development of theories that EBP is difficult and time-consuming (Torrey et al., 2012). One of the barriers is the availability of huge amount of healthcare literature that is published in different sources. This makes it difficult for untrained nurses to keep up to date with the new practices that are being discovered (Gerrish et al., 2012). I also identified that lack of access to adequate resource and difficulty in assessing statistical analysis often created barriers for RNs while implementing EBP. Untrained RNs are most often unable to interpret the jargon present in the research findings due lack of information searching abilities and limited IT skills (Dalheim et al., 2012). Therefore, as a nursing student I can conclude that RNs should not be entitled with the complete responsibility of implementing evidence-based practices unless, they show adequate skills and are well trained to search for the best evidence and integrate them with their practice. Conclusion Evidence-based practices empower nurses and enhance their nursing capabilities. However, effective implementation of those practices in hospital setting requires presence of adequate clinical information, skill and judgement abilities. Competencies are necessary to continuously improve the safety and quality of healthcare system with the aim of utilising EBP to provide patient-centred care. As a nursing student, my knowledge helped me understand that several research studies have been carried out, which demonstrated the positive influence of EBP in creating good patient outcomes and reducing hospitalisation costs. However, a thorough research of the barriers that arise in this context helped me conclude that it is not feasible to expect RNs to carry out EBP unless they are well trained and educated in this context. References Aarons, G. A., Sommerfeld, D. H. (2012). Leadership, innovation climate, and attitudes toward evidence-based practice during a statewide implementation.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,51(4), 423-431. Andre, K., Heartfield, M. (2011).Nursing and midwifery portfolios: Evidence of continuing competence. Elsevier Australia. 75-93. Courtney, M., McCutcheon, H. (2010). Using evidence to guide nursing practice (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. Chatswood. Dalheim, A., Harthug, S., Nilsen, R. M., Nortvedt, M. W. (2012). Factors influencing the development of evidence-based practice among nurses: a self-report survey.BMC health services research,12(1), 367. Daly, J., Speedy, S., Jackson, D. (2017).Contexts of nursing: An introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. 93-110. Emparanza, J. I., Cabello, J. B., Burls, A. J. (2015). Does evidence?based practice improve patient outcomes? An analysis of a natural experiment in a Spanish hospital.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,21(6), 1059-1065. Friesen?Storms, J. H., Moser, A., Loo, S., Beurskens, A. J., Bours, G. J. (2015). Systematic implementation of evidence?based practice in a clinical nursing setting: A participatory action research project.Journal of clinical nursing,24(1-2), 57-68. Florin, J., Ehrenberg, A., Wallin, L., Gustavsson, P. (2012). Educational support for research utilization and capability beliefs regarding evidence?based practice skills: a national survey of senior nursing students.Journal of advanced nursing,68(4), 888-897. Gerrish, K., Nolan, M., McDonnell, A., Tod, A., Kirshbaum, M., Guillaume, L. (2012). Factors Influencing Advanced Practice Nurses Ability to Promote Evidence?Based Practice among Frontline Nurses.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,9(1), 30-39. Gray, M., Joy, E., Plath, D., Webb, S. A. (2013). Implementing evidence-based practice: A review of the empirical research literature.Research on Social Work Practice,23(2), 157-166. Harolds, J. A. (2016). Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part VI: More on Crossing the Quality Chasm.Clinical nuclear medicine,41(1), 41-43. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineout?Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(1), 5-15. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (2017).Registered Nurse Standards for Practice. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines- Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx Stevens, K. R. (2013). The impact of evidence-based practice in nursing and the next big ideas.Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,18(2), 4-4. Stokke, K., Olsen, N. R., Espehaug, B., Nortvedt, M. W. (2014). Evidence based practice beliefs and implementation among nurses: A cross-sectional study.BMC nursing,13(1), 8. Torrey, W. C., Bond, G. R., McHugo, G. J., Swain, K. (2012). Evidence-based practice implementation in community mental health settings: The relative importance of key domains of implementation activity.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,39(5), 353-364.

Practice Final Answers Essay Example

Practice Final Answers Essay When the interest rate falls in the money market, the quantity of money demanded and the quantity of money supplied A) decreases; increases B) increases; decreases C) increases; stays the same D) stays the same; decreases 2) In short-run macroeconomic equilibrium, A) real GAP and the price level are determined by short-run aggregate supply and aggregate demand. B) real GAP equals potential GAP and aggregate demand determines the price level. C) the price level is fixed and short-run aggregate supply determines real GAP. D) real GAP is less than potential GAP. 3) The idea that a government budget deficit decreases investment is called B) the crowding-out effect. A) the capital investment effect. C) the Richard-Barron effect. D) government diseasing. 4) As labor increases, there is a A) shift of the aggregate production function, but no movement along it. 8) movement along the aggregate production function and real GAP will increase less with each additional increase in labor. C) movement along the aggregate production function, but no shift in it. D) decrease less with each additional increase in labor. ) Net investment equals A) the total quantity of plant, equipment and buildings. B) gross investment/depreciation. C) gross investment minus depreciation. D) capital stock minus depreciation. 6) If real GAP decreases, the demand for money curve will shift A) rightward and the interest rate will fall. B) leftward and the interest rate will rise. C) leftward and the interest rate will fall. We will write a custom essay sample on Practice Final Answers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Practice Final Answers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Practice Final Answers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer D) rightward and the interest rate will rise. 7) Factors that influence labor productivity include . A) the labor demand curve B) the inflation rate, the real wage rate, and the exchange rate C) physical UAPITA, the real wage rate, and technology D) physical capital, human capital, and technology 8) The quantity theory of money is the idea that in the long run A) the quantity of money is determined by banks. B) the quantity of money serves as a good indicator of how well money functions as a store of value. C) the quantity of money determines real GAP. D) an increase in the growth rate of the quantity of money leads to an equal increase in the inflation rate. 9) Prime Pharmaceuticals has developed a new asthma medicine, for it has a patent An inhaler can be produced at a constant marginal cost of $2/inhaler. The demand curve, marginal revenue curve, and marginal cost curve for this new asthma inhaler are in the figure above. With its patent giving it a monopoly for its new inhaler, if it is a single-price monopoly, Prime Pharmaceuticals will produce each inhaler. C) 8 million; $6 A) 8 million; $2 B) 16 million; $2 D) 10 million; $5 inhalers and set a price of for 10) A small country is a net foreign borrower if its real interest rate without foreign borrowing is A) lower than B) not comparable to C) higher than D) equal to the world real interest rate. 1 1) Which of the following is the most liquid asset? A) a share of stock C) money B) land D) a government bond 12) Starting at full employment, a business cycle can be described by the following sequence: equilibrium, equilibrium. A) below full-employment; full-employment; below full- employment B) above full-employment; below full-employment; full- employment C) full-employment; below full-employment; above full- employment D) below full-employment; full-employment; above full- employment 2 1 3) Suppose that the money multiplier is 4. If the monetary base decreases by $2 million, the quantity of money will A) decrease by $8 million. B) decrease by $500,000. C) increase by $8 million. D) increase by $500,000. 14) A bank creates money by A) buying bonds from the Reserve Bank. B) lending its excess reserves. C) purchasing currency from the Reserve Bank. D) printing more cheeses. 1 5) A decrease in the money wage rate increases the full employment quantity of labor increases B) only the Ass; the ASS and the LASS A) the ASS and the LASS; only the ASS C) only the LASS; the ASS and the LASS D) the ASS and the LASS; only the LASS and an increase in 16) Suppose the current account of a country is in balance and the official settlements account equals O. A new transaction occurs so that the current account is now in surplus, but the official settlements account does not change. From this we know that A) the balance of trade is now in surplus. B) the government is running a budget deficit. C) the government must make official reserve transactions. D) the capital and financial account is now in deficit. 17) People know that the inflation rate will increase from 3 percent to 5 percent. As a result A) the nominal interest rate rises by 2 percentage points. B) the real interest rate rises by 2 percentage points. C) the nominal interest rate is constant. D) the nominal interest rate falls by 2 percentage points. 8) A firm in will engage in to try to earn an economic profit. A) perfect competition; price wars B) perfect competition; advertising C) monopolistic competition; product differentiation D) monopolistic competition; price wars 19) Over time in a growing economy, the long-run aggregate supply curve will A) shift leftward. B) become horizontal at the long-run potential price level. C) become increasingly steep. D) shift rightward. 20) In 2011, Armenia had a real GAP of approximately 54. 21 billion and a population of 2. 98 million. In 201 2, real GAP was $4. 9 billion and population was 2. 7 million. Armenian real GAP per person in 201 2 was A) $1 ,545 B) $380 C) $1 32 D) $1,413 3 21) The key aim of monetary policy is to A) maintain price stability. B) change tax rates to boost investment. C) change government spending to spur in innovation. D) change tax rates to boost saving. 22) According to social interest theory, A) regulation helps markets achieve efficiency B) price regulations are unconstitutional C) unregulated firms try to avoid creating deadweight loss D) monopoly practices last forever 23) The velocity of circulation is A) constant. B) the changes in the purchasing power of money over a given time period. C) the rate of change of the GAP deflator. D) the average number oftentimes a dollar of money is used in a year to buy goods and services that make up GAP. 24) The quantity theory of money predicts that in the a 10 per cent increase in the quantity Of money leads to a 10 per cent increase in A) long run; velocity B) long run; real GAP C) long run; the price level D) short run; velocity 25) If the ARAB sells Australian government securities, A) the Australian Treasury gains some revenue. B) the cash rate rises. C) bank reserves increase. D) None of the above answers is correct. 26) Handy is a large South Korean company that produces finished steel products. Handy plans to buy raw steel from Australia. As a result, the A) demand Cleave for Australian dollars shifts leftward. B) demand curve for South Korean won shifts rightward. C) demand curve for Australian dollars shifts rightward. D) demand curve for South Korean won shifts leftward. 27) The market for maple syrup is perfectly competitive. Suppose that the market is in long-run equilibrium when the market demand for maple syrup increases. What happens in the short run? A) The firms decrease production. B) Some of the existing firms shut down. C) The firms increase production. D) Firms will enter the market. 4 28) If the exchange rate between the Australian dollar and Japanese yen is below the equilibrium exchange rate, there will be a dollars, and the exchange rate will A) shortage; rise to the equilibrium level B) surplus; rise to the equilibrium level C) surplus; fall to the equilibrium level of Australian D) shortage; change only when the supply curve shifts leftward 29) Workers who pursue an education directly increase their A) financial capital. B) saving. D) human capital. C) physical capital. 0) Diminishing marginal returns occurs when A) a variable unit is increased and its marginal product falls. B) all inputs are increased and output increases by a smaller proportion. C) all inputs are increased and output decreases. D) a variable input is increased and output decreases. 31 ) If a countrys central bank does not intervene in the foreign exchange market, the country has A) a crawling peg exchange rate policy. B) a fixed exchange rate policy. C) a flexible exchange rate policy. D) no exchange rate policy. 32) The Reserve Bank of Australia A) sells Australian dollars to China in an attempt to depreciate the Australian alular. B) has no influence on the exchange rate. C) allows a flexible exchange rate, though their actions can impact on the exchange rate. D) alternates between a flexible, fixed and crawling peg exchange rate policy depending on economic conditions. 33) If the real interest rate is below the equilibrium real interest rate, A) a shortage Of Of alienable funds will cause the real interest rate to rise. B) lenders will be unable to find borrowers Willing to borrow all of the available funds and the supply of alienable funds curve will shift leftward. C) borrowers will be unable to borrow all of the funds they want to borrow ND the demand for alienable funds curve will shift leftward. D) borrowers will be unable to borrow all of the funds they want to borrow and the demand for alienable funds curve will shift rightward. 34) Suppose a country is producing $20 million of real GAP. If the economy grows at 10 percent per year, approximately how many years will to take for real GAP to grow to $80 million? B) 14 A) 30 35) If the Reserve Bank wants to depreciate the Australian dollar against the British pound, it will B) sell Australian dollars A) decrease the money supply C) sell foreign exchange D) sell British pounds 5 6) In the global alienable funds market, A) funds flow into countries with the highest risk-adjusted interest rates and out of countries with the lowest risk-adjusted interest rates. B) when funds leave a country, a shortage of funds lowers the real interest rate. C) when funds enter a country, a surplus of funds raises the real interest rate. D) funds flow into countries with the lowest risk-adjusted interest rates and out of countries with the highest risk-adjusted interest rates. 37) Ticket scalpers at the FALL grand final last year charged prices high above the printed ticket price. This observation is evidence Of A) a surplus at printed ticket prices. B) the grand final not being televised. C) the grand final getting too much television exposure. D) a shortage at printed ticket prices. 38) As the real wage rate increases, the A) supply of labor curve shifts leftward. B) quantity of labor supplied increases. C) supply of labor curve shifts rightward. D) quantity of labor supplied increases and the supply of labor shifts rightward. 39) When the ARAB increases the cash rate, the Australian interest rate differential B) rises; appreciates A) rises; depreciates C) falls; depreciates D) falls; appreciates ND the Australian exchange rate 40) To pay for a current account deficit, a country can A) borrow money from abroad. B) increase official reserves to cover the shortfall. C) lend money abroad. D) transfer money from the capital account to the reserve assets account. 41) Fifth price level in the U. S. Is 120, the price level in South Africa is 140, and the nominal exchange rate is 7 South African rand per dollar, then the real exchange rate is A) 1. 4 South African goods per U. S. Good. B) 8. 4 South African goods per U. S. Good. D) 6 South African goods per U. S. Good. C) 9. 8 South African goods per U. S. Good. 2) If Chinas government runs a budget surplus and there is no Richard- Barron effect, there will be in the supply of alienable funds, private . B) an increase; decreases; increases saving 6 and investment A) an increase; increases; increases C) a decrease; decrease; increases D) a decrease; Increases; Increases 43) For a commercial bank, the term reserves refers to A) the profit that the bank retains at the end of the year. B) a bankers concern (reservation) in making loans to an individual without a job. C) the cash in its vaults and its deposits at the central bank. D) the net interest that it earns on loans. 4) people expect their incomes will decrease next year. As a result, the will shift .

Employment And Discriminatory IRAC Brief Example

Employment And Discriminatory IRAC Brief Example Employment And Discriminatory IRAC Brief – Coursework Example Employment and Discriminatory IRAC Brief Employment and Discriminatory IRAC Brief Issue Was it right for Merrill Lynch The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA); The American with Disabilities Act (ADA); Equal Pay Act, The Equal Opportunity Employment Commission and the State Statutes (USLegal, 2015).ReferencesEqual Employment Opportunity Commission-EEOC. (2015). Discrimination by Type. Retrieved from eeoc.gov/laws/types/ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment- MBIE. (2014). Employment Relationships From Beginning to End. Richmond: Crown copyright. Secunda, P.M. & Hirsch, J. (2010). Mastering Employment Discrimination Law. New York, NY: Carolina Academic Press.USLegal. (2015). Discrimination Law and Legal Definition. Retrieved from http://definitions.uslegal.com/d/discrimination/

Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) - Essay Example In the following years, economists have critically reviewed the published theory of CAPM and its application in reality after comparing the actual returns with the expected returns. The CAPM model is still widely used by companies as an efficient model for computing cost of capital (Ko) on the basis of explanation that securities with higher betas offer higher return. CAPM has numerous applications; it is used in capital budgeting, for analysis of merger and acquisitions, valuation of convertible securities and warrant and to value the equity of a firm. William Sharpe made several assumptions for investors in creating market equilibrium in order to validate the CAPM model (Sharpe, 1964). The model develops the price of an asset which it must hold in order to satisfy the investors for holding the current market portfolio. According to CAPM, everybody bears the same risk in different quantity. As the systematic risks is removed and the investors hold diversified portfolios, they will have a need for return and according to the utility function, the investor will rank the portfolio. All the investors will tend to buy the market portfolio as everybody possesses the same portfolio comprising of risk bearing assets. Furthermore, by purchasing several other assets, it is possible for the investor to diversify a part of the risk. The riskiness of a security is not entirely based on the unpredictability of its return. If one investor puts all his money in a single asset, then variability would be a suitable measure.

Motivating Generation X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivating Generation X - Essay Example However, how to motivate employees has recently become a hard task for the management of various companies (Allen & Helms, 2002). This is because most of the employees in organizations today are of the generation X. The generation X is made up of people born between 1960s and the 1980s. They have grown up under very different values from the ones of those in generation Y. For example, this generation has grown up seeing their parents go to work all day and all night only for then to be retrenched after thirty years of faithful service. For them now, job security does not matter anymore they only see each job opportunity to advance their careers so they will always be hopping from company to company in search of greener pastures (Dewhurst, Guthridge, & Mohr, 2010). This, therefore, means that in order to retain generation X. Managers will always have to offer very attractive incentives. By incentives here, I mean that all forms of financial returns and tangible benefits received by an employee as part of the employment relationship. It can be divided into two parts, monetary compensation and non-monetary compensation. ... Most of them are well conversant with the core jobs that help an organization achieve very high profits. They also usually have expertise in the core units in a company. The core units are those that bring most sales and are most crucial to the successful running of business in an organization. For example, a well motivated sales team will increase turnover for the company. Other departments responsible for smooth running of operations in a company include IT, Finance department among others (Dunham, 2003). Management could also motivate the generation X using other financial forms of motivation other than an attractive salary. This could be a bonus which is mainly an incentive given to reward good performance purchase of shares in a company at a fixed price, and when employees feel some sense of ownership in a company they will stay longer and work more as they understand the benefits involved should the company make high profits. Generation X, having grown up in an era where there parents were always busy, they did not somehow get sufficient parental love. They, therefore, do not want the same to happen to their families and, therefore, in most cases will always choose their families over work. Management should, therefore, ensure that on the remuneration package, it also offers sufficient non-monetary compensation. Bhatia (2010) defines non-monetary motivation as benefits employees receive other than the normal monetary compensation package to boost employee morale. Non-monetary compensation includes any benefit received by an employee from an employer that is non-financial but satisfying. They include but not limited to opportunity for growth, flexible hours, recognition and praise, friendships

The Concept of Privacy in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Concept of Privacy in the Workplace - Essay Example All the employees of the company must be given a corporate email account. The account will have a password known only to the user of the account. This control mechanism ensures that the only person that can enter the account is the employee. The concept of privacy in the workplace is a widely debated topic. A lot of employees feel that despite being paid a salary during work hours they are entitled to certain basic levels of privacy including the right to personal emails with confidential information. The company’s policy should be to allow personal emails to occur, but its content cannot be confidential due to the possibility of a traitor leaking confidential information to outsiders using the email system of the company. The email content will be audited every 30 days for quality assurance purposes. An important element of the email system of the company is the usage of email to provide customer service. All major companies provide its customers an email address for support. It takes a lot of labor to read through these emails. The company must hire an additional 50 employees to increase the speed of its email customer service support function. The new standard should be to increase the customer service response of the company to every 24 hours. To achieve this goal the customer service department must be redesigned to run a 24-hour operation composed of three daily 8-hour shifts. The email system and customer service function could be streamlined through the use of advances in information technology. The company could spend a few thousand bucks to incorporate an artificial intelligence that filters customer support emails based on necessity and customer inquiry. The system could be used to provide faster support to customers that have major issues that require immediate attention. All the emails that are sent and received by employees will be stored in a database for five years. The customer's emails the company receives will be also be saved for at l east five years. The system will automatically save the emails in a database upon being sent or received. Safeguarding the employees and customer information is very important for the company. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 increased the compliance costs for public companies in the United States. The stored capabilities of the system will help the company comply with the Security and Exchange Commission and other governmental agencies regulations. The internal email policy of the company includes the following stipulations. The employees of the company must answer all emails within 24 hours of receiving the email. The employees can only access the information system of the company from within the physical facilities of the company. The employees must not take any digital documents of any information. The employees can use the corporate email for personal emails, but they must realize that an audit may read the contents of the email for quality assurance purposes. The email has becom e a primary communication tool that everyone that is online uses for personal or business purposes. Due to the delicate nature of information transfer in corporate America companies have become stricter about security measures regarding electronic tools such as emails.

Ethnicity In Hollywood And American Culture Film Studies Essay

Ethnicity In Hollywood And American Culture Film Studies Essay Hollywood movies have preached the assimilation of the ethnic other into American culture. This is a dangerous prospect as media representations are used to frame our understandings of ethnic groups and sub-cultures. In this study, a social semiotic approach is used to frame the violence, food, musical score, and set furnishings present in The Sopranos. By contrasting these elements with those found in The Godfather, assimilation of the ethnic Italian is revealed. Using an interpretation that rests on the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism, this study adds to our understanding of ethnic representation in media. Through a deeper understanding, we can resist negative media representations of ethnic groups. In 1997, The Godfather Saga, a revised version of The Godfather and The Godfather II, was televised to a national audience. This was a broadcast landmark as it was preceded by a disclaimer to forewarn the audience that the characters were not representative of any ethic group (Cortes, 1987). The statement became a model for television broadcasts that depicted any ethnic group as criminal and violent. The disclaimer was indicative of a burgeoning awareness that entertainment films possess the power to create, reinforce, and modify public perception of ethnic groups (Cortes, 1987). While a number of factors likely influence public perception of ethnic culture, mass media representation has been documented as a significant factor (Jamieson, 1992). Indeed, some researchers suggest that much of the information people acquire about ethnic culture comes from mass media (Bodenhausen, Schwarz, Bless, Wà ¤nke 1995). A century of media representation of Italian culture and its mythical link t o organized crime, has created paradoxical visions of admiration and disdain; fascination and fear; endearing attractiveness and aversion. Central to the popular vision of the Mafia, the depiction of Italian family culture is a dichotomy between family values and violent family business. The existence, success, and continuation of the Italian family depend on a system of traditions and rules rooted in extreme patriarchy and enforced through acts of violence. The immutable strength of this image effects both public perceptions of Italian culture and the Italian self-image (Quinn, 2004). The debut of The Sopranos in 1999 represents a significant event in media representation of Italian culture. The series portrays American born Mafiosi as ordinary suburban neighbors, complete with barbecues, golf games, kids in College, and stock options. How does the The Sopranos contribute to the media image of the Italian family? In this study, I take a constructivist approach to examine the first season of The Sopranos in an effort to determine how the series changes the traditional image built by gangster movies like The Godfather. The Sopranos updates the image of the Italian mob family by completely assimilating it within American cultural norms (Blackwood, 2006). In this way, The Sopranos supports the symbolic interactionist assertion that ethnic groups are not natural biological divisions of humanity, but rather temporary alignments of people created by communication channels (Freidman, 1991). The influence of The Sopranos is appreciated by considering the thirteen million viewers it attracted by its third season (Cartier, 2006), and in the attention it garnered from both television critics and politicians. In 2001, the producers of the Sopranos were unsuccessfully sued under the individual dignity clause of the Illinois Constitution (Italian-American group sues, 2001). In the previous year, Essex County officials banned HBO from filming scenes on county-owned property (N.J. county shoots down Sopranos filming request, 2000). In announcing the ban, officials expressed their displeasure at the shows portrayal of Italian-Americans. Backed by sixteen colleagues, New Jersey congresswoman Marge Roukema proposed that the House of Representatives chastise producers of television shows like The Sopranos because of their depiction of Italian-Americans as criminals (Congresswoman asks House, 2001). These events underline the importance of understanding the link between popular drama and cultural representation. As the demands of modern life become more complicated through a mixing of cultures, our understanding of the larger world becomes more important to us. Therefore, we use the messages we decode from popular culture to frame our understanding of ethnic groups, and the nature of diverse subcultures (Beck, 2000). This means that media representation, and more specifically ethnic representation within popular culture, plays a key role in our understandings of immigrants and their subcultures (Cortes, 1987). Further, because entertainment and information are no longer distinct streams within the public consumption of cultural products, the fate of diverse subgroups within our society depends on the roles assigned to them in [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] popular dramas (Beck, 2000, p. 25). Through careful evaluation of the set furnishings, music, food, and violence presented in the popular drama The Sopranos, an assimilation of Italian culture into American culture is rev ealed. This assimilation is so strong that only the most obvious ethnic symbols remain resulting in a link between the Italian family and crime that is much stronger than any previously portrayed. Literature Review The earliest film representation of Italians and crime is documented by Blackwood (2006). The Black Hand (1906), a seven minute one-reeler, was allegedly based on an actual kidnapping and ransom demand that occurred in the Italian quarter of New York City. A number of later films including The Black Hand (1912) and Binks, The Black Hand (1913) followed. In 1908, the New York Police Department established the Italian Bureau, headed by Detective Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino. An Italian immigrant himself, Petrosino was subsequently murdered by a Mafia Don while conducting research in Palerimo, Italy (Giuliani, 1999). This event spawned a number of Mafia movies including The Detectives of the Italian Bureau (1909), The Adventures of Lieutenant Petrosino (1912), The Padrone Ward (1914), The Last Mafia (1915), and Don Caesar de Bazan (1915). Although this very early representation of Italians is often overlooked, Blackwood (2006) points out the importance of this period. The films demonstra te the incredible age of the Italian Mafia stereotype, and they represent the birth of the link between Italians and crime. Benshoff Griffin (2004) point out that this period fashioned a second stereotype of Italian people. The movies often portrayed the good Italian falling victim to the bad Italian. The good Italian representation was that of an assimilated small businessman. He was a simple-minded, working class Italian often named Luigi or Guido who spoke broken English, wore a bushy moustache, and had a large family. He was gracious, always smiling, and worked as a street vendor, organ grinder, or ran a small restaurant. The stereotype exists to this day in the Super Mario Brothers games (1993) and on countless pizza boxes. Cortes (1987) identifies three distinct periods in the history of Italian representation in film. In the first period, 1917-1928, the depiction of Italians was heavily influenced by a negotiation for whiteness (Benshoff Griffin, 2004). America experienced a great surge in immigration during the final years of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. Large numbers of Eastern and Southern European people flooded into the urban centers of America. From 1900 to 1910 over eight million immigrants entered the United States (U.S. Census Data, 2003). This sudden mixing of white ethnic culture with the established white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant culture increased levels of xenophobia and forced people of non-Anglo-Saxon, European descent to negotiate their relation to whiteness. This negotiation, and a general concern over the growing presence of foreign culture in America, lead to strict immigration laws and influenced the way Italians were represented in film. Italians w ere depicted in films with darker skin tones, thick curly hair, and little education. As immigration fears increased, the white ethnic Italian was portrayed as unsavory, radical, and over-sexed in such films as Dangerous Hours (1919) and Manhandled (1924). In the 1930s, Hollywood became fascinated with crime. The Great Depression coupled with Prohibition focused that fascination on the problem of gangsters, leading to the rediscovery of the Italian American mobster. By 1932, Italian gangsters [had] become the personification of Americas social failures, including the crisis of the increasingly elusive American Dream (Cortes, 1987, p. 110). In this second period, 1930-1970, Italian mobsters were vicious, violent, self-serving, one-dimensional characters. The period is characterized by the advent of sound, and the ear-splitting shots of Italian-mobster machine guns became the symbol of Italian ethnic violence. So great was the impact on the Italian psyche that the release of films such as Little Ceasar (1930), The Public Enemy (1931), Scarface (1932), The Gay Divorcee (1934), and Top Hat (1935), prompted the Italian government to ban importation of all American films containing Italian characters (Vasey, 1992). In an effort to remove thi s barrier, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), a trade association formed to negotiate American film trade agreements with foreign governments, was successful in influencing a more positive film image of Italians. Obvious references to Italian ethnicity were removed from many gangster movies although the inferences remained (Vasey, 1992). Films such as Golden Boy (1939) and They Knew What They Wanted (1940) actually depicted Italian characters as law-abiding, hardworking ethnics (Cortes, 1987). During the war, Italian Americans increasingly promoted their loyalty to their adopted country. As a consequence, Italians were often depicted in wartime propaganda films as courageous and dedicated soldiers fighting alongside American soldiers (Benshoff Griffin, 2004). This depiction is evident in the Giuseppe character from Sahara (1943), Lieutenant Angelo Canelli in The Purple Heart (1944), and Captain Andrà ©s Bonifà ¡cio in Back to Bataan (1945). Post-war film making in Italy had an effect on Hollywood images of Italian Americans. Italian film makers worked to increase cinematic realism leading to a movement called Italian Neorealism (Benshoff Griffin, 2004). The films resulting from this movement were popular and often represented Italians as poor and working class. Consequently American depictions began to represent Italians as down-to-earth, working class people in such films as Marty (1955) and The Rose Tattoo (1955). The final years of the second period defined by Cortes contains another interesting phenomenon. Both Italian and American film makers resurrected the hot Italian lover stereotype that had been well crafted by the Rodolph Valentino movies of the 1920s. Italian actresses Sophia Loren, Gina Lollobrigida, and Anna Magnini became famous for their uninhibited sexuality. In the repressive, socially conservative 1950s, these ethnic other actresses provided sexual escapism not possible for respectable white women. A s the 1970s approached, various ethnic movements popularized the search for and the celebration of ethnic heritage, identity, and pride (Cortes, 1987, p. 116). This new enthusiasm for ethnicity, coupled with an influx of talented Italian movie producers and actors, led to an explosion of Italian character representations in film. In addition, the disappearance of the Hayes Code in 1968, Hollywoods self-censorship system, encouraged a war where filmmakers vied to top each other in graphic depictions of sex and violence (Cortes, 1987). All of these factors influenced the watershed moment in the depiction of Italians in film, the release of Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather. The third period, 1970 to present, is epitomized by The Godfather. This 1972 film, by Francis Ford Coppola, depicts the Italian gangster as a complex, multi-dimensional character. For the first time the activities of Italian gangsters are firmly entrenched within Italian family values. The Godfather set a trend for complex mob characters in many movies that followed including The Don is Dead (1973), Scarface (1983), The Untouchables (1987), Goodfellas (1990), Casino (1995), and Analyze This (1999). Blackwood (2006) categorizes the periods of Italian representation in film according to artistic device. In the silent era through to the 1960s, Italians are portrayed minstrelsy. Italian characters are used to exploit and rebuke the Italian sub-culture. In the 1970s, portrayals of Italian characters are changed, and serve to historicize the Italian life experience in the U.S.A. (Blackwood, 2006, p. 8). According to Blackwood (2006), the third period of representation began in the late 1990s with the renunciation of the Italian gangster figure. The television show The Sopranos (1999-2007) and the movie Analyze This (1999) present the assimilation of the Italian gangster figure into North American society, depicting the acceptance of American values. Method The Sopranos debuted on HBO in 1999 (Martin, 2007). The show follows the life of notorious gangster Tony Soprano and his family as they deal with modern life in New Jersey. Tony, his wife Carmela, and their two children, Meadow and AJ, live in North Caldwell, New Jersey where Tony presides over a Mafia team. With eighty-six episodes spanning six seasons, the show is iconic in the world of Italian gangster stories. Television critics praised the show as the apotheosis of television drama, and the recalibrated scale for comparing TV shows [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] everything else seems flawed (Martin, 2007, p. 16). The show also enjoyed instant success with audiences, claiming four million viewers during its debut season and quickly increasing to thirteen million viewers by the third season (Carter, 2006). Winning a plethora of awards including five Golden Globes, two Peabodys, two Writers Guild Awards, and 18 Emmys, the incredible popularity of the show propelled it into many manifestations o f pop cultural success including a MAD magazine parody (issue 389, 2000), appearances on The Simpsons, and the cover of Rolling Stone (vol. 865, March 29, 2001). Grand Theft Auto III, the best selling video game of 2002 with sales of three million units, mimicked The Sopranos by placing players inside a Mafia organization. The game allows players to move up through ranks of the Mafia by delivering suspicious packages, ferrying hookers to and from their dates, tailing suspected snitches, planting car bombs [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦], and having sex with their own goomahs (Croal, p. 50). The Sopranos became so well recognized that HBO developed an entire side industry of Sopranos accessories including a mens clothing line, mainstream coffee table and humour books, and even architectural plans for building Tony and Carmellas house (Quinn, 2004). The Sopranos was created in 1995 by David Chase. Chase is a television veteran who served as executive producer of such shows as Northern Exposure (1990-95), Ill Fly Away (1991-93), and as writer/producer on The Rockford Files (1974-80). Chase claims the character of Jim Rockford, created by Stephen Cannell, as the major influence on his creation of Tony Soprano, the patriarch of the Soprano clan (Chase quoted in Martin, 2007, p. 10). However, there are those in the Italian American community, including Lawrence Di Stasi, historian and past president of the Western Italian American Historical Society, who believe a darker influence lies behind the show and the character of Tony Soprano. Di Stasi believes that Chase, whose surname has been anglicized from the Italian name De Cesare, internalized his ethnic hatred by externalizing his self-loathing (Di Stasi quoted in Quinn, p. 167). Chase stands accused of betraying his own culture by strengthening the association, more than ever, bet ween Italian-American families and criminality. Di Stasi claims the average television viewer sees the link between the two as genetic. Using existing literature combined with my own semiotic analysis of the television series The Sopranos, I take a constructionist approach to determine how The Sopranos changes the image of the Italian mafia family since the release of The Godfather. In doing so, I expose the Italian ethnic signs within the text and discuss the role these signs play in supporting Blackwoods (2006) assertion that The Sopranos represent the assimilation of the Italian gangster into American culture. My data sample consists of the first seasons episodes of The Sopranos series. Limiting the catalog of data to thirteen episodes produces a feasible and manageable data set, and it allows analysis of a text created purely from the authors intentions, before its extreme popularity could influence new or exaggerated messages. Using a social semiotic approach advocated by Fairclough and Van Leeuwen (see Van Leeuwen, 2005, p. 139), I analyze the first thirteen episodes of The Sopranos in an effort to reveal the u nderlying messages of ethnic Italian identity. This approach is selected because it focuses on the function of texts in social interactions. It recognizes discourse as an element to structure content (i.e. what is expressed), genre to structure interaction (i.e. what happens), and style to structure the manner in which a text communicates (Van Leeuwen, 2005). Under Van Leeuwens approach, the text will be examined through the frames of violence, food, musical score, and set furnishings. Framing is a way of describing the power of communication within a text (Entman, 1993). It involves the selection of an aspect of perceived reality, and the elevation of the salience of that information within the text (i.e. making it more noticeable). The analysis provided rests on the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism. The rejection of the notions that meaning emanates intrinsically from objects that provide meaning and that meaning is derived through a coalescence of psychological factors, allows us to see meaning as product of social interaction (Blumer, 1986). Thus, the meaning of things is formed from communication channels through a recipients interpretive process. This theoretical framework makes possible the assimilation of one culture into another. Hollywood movies are bastions of symbolic interactionism. They impose Americaness as a self-ascripting category whose value orientation dominates any primordial ethnic condition (Freidman, 1991, p. 22). Data Analysis In The Sopranos, Chase removes the impenetrable barrier between Italian family values and Italian family business that was so carefully constructed by Coppola in The Godfather. Coppola manages to create an intensely powerful and thought provoking audience experience of The Godfather through narrative and visuals that present the opposition of family values and violence. In the opening scene, the viewer is presented with a dark image of a heart-broken man confessing a heinous act of sexual violence perpetrated against his daughter. As the camera pans out, and the screen brightens only slightly, we see the man is in the study of Vito Corleone, a mafia Don and patriarch to one of New Yorks most infamous crime families. The man is begging Vito to avenge his daughters honour. Suddenly, the camera reveals the outside of the house, where there is a great celebration. Vitos daughter is marrying. Men, women, children, and even rival mobsters attend the elaborate festivities. There is much lau ghter, singing, and dancing. In contrast, the dark study, allows only a few privileged men to enter and make requests of Vito, who cannot refuse their requests on the day of his daughters wedding. The movement of the camera back and forth between the two locations creates a striking, visual divide between the celebration of family, and the dark world of the family business. The study is the location of power, a private sanctuary where reports are given and violent reprisals are arranged. The scene very effectively illustrates the ironic nature of the relationship between the family values and the family business. The room is physically separate from the family rituals thus maintaining a strong separation between the two worlds. The dichotomous nature of Corleone family values allows the characters to tread a delicate line between valorization and criticism (Simon, 1983). In The Sopranos, Chase completely removes this separation by immersing the Italian characters in American cultura l ritual and symbols. The family business is deeply entangled in everyday family rituals and activities. The world of family values and dark family business become one. The total assimilation of the Italian mafia family into American culture is achieved by the removal of all but the most obvious signs of ethnic stereotyping. The Long Island estate of Vito Coleone, with its stone and stucco exterior, Italian style courtyard, and extensive vegetable and fruit gardens, is replaced with a New Jersey, sprawling, modern American, brick ranch. Vitos Italian gardens are replaced with Tony Sopranos landscaping that appears to come straight from the pages of a Home Depot magazine. The interior of the Soprano house is a striking contrast to that of the Corleones. The Corleone mansion, with its dark leather furniture, dark oak paneling and trim, dim lighting, and minimalist furnishings is replaced by the bright modern American dà ©cor of the Sopranos home. An authentic New Jersey look was crucial for Chase whose production designer spent countless hours poking through houses up and down the Garden State parkway (Martin, 2007, p. 29). What Chase achieved are lu xurious interiors of light coloured oak flooring, tan leather furniture, modern glass top tables, and light oak shelves carefully decorated with showy books, pricey figurines, vases, and candle sticks. The walls are finished in tame colours of tan, ivory, soft greens, and gold. In the dining room and bedroom, the furniture is finished in light pastels that imitate stone which was common in upscale American homes of the 1990s. The kitchen, with its recessed pot lighting and bleached oak cabinets, is typical of popular modern American design. This is the home of a typical middle-class American family, from the bright, warm, inviting family room to the messy teenager bedrooms covered in dirty laundry and grunge band posters. The lack of a musical score for The Sopranos also assists in the assimilation of the characters into American culture. The Godfather provides the viewer with a rich ethnic and folkloric musical score written by Nino Rota with additional music by Carmen Coppola, Francis Fords father. From luna mess o mare sung by family members during the opening wedding scene to the main title, called The Godfather Waltz, the viewer is immersed in the melodic strands of Italian music and reminded of the rich ethnic background that gave rise to such music. In contrast, there is no musical score for The Sopranos; however, each Sopranos episode opens with Woke Up This Morning (1997) by British fusion band Alabama 3 and closes with a different previously recorded pop tune such as Elvis Costellos Complicated Shadows (episode 3), Jefferson Airplanes White Rabbit (episode 7), and Bruce Springsteens State Trooper (episode 13). This music lends a contemporary feel to the show that is decidedly American. Chase believes firmly that the lack of a musical score increases the authenticity of his work. He notes that like Quentin Tarantinos movies, the use of pre-recorded, popular music promotes an authentic American feel to the work (David Chase Interview, 2000). Despite the assimilated nature of the characters, a link to Italian ethnicity is maintained. This link is achieved primarily through the constant reference to Italian cuisine within each episode. A major sub-plot in episode one involves young AJs birthday party where Ziti and the proper way to cook Italian sausages is a significant part of the narrative. In episode two, Paulie Walnuts becomes enraged at the profits earned by large American corporations through their cooption of Italian cuisine. Father Phil, the priest from the local Roman Catholic Church, is often seen visiting the Soprano home. The character of Father Phil is intended to create sexual tension with the character of Carmella Soprano (David Chase Interview, 2000). This tension is overshadowed by Father Phils desire for home-made Italian food and his constant dialog regarding the superiority of Italian cuisine. He visits the Soprano home, and the homes of other Italian parishioners, constantly looking to be fed (episode s 1, 5, 6, 13). Artie Bucco, a close friend of Tonys, is an accomplished chef specializing in Italian cuisine. This character appears in numerous scenes where he serves sumptuous Italian cuisine and his skills as an Italian chef are praised (episode 1, 2, 3, 9, 13). Chase devotes a significant amount of dialog in each episode to the discussion of Italian food. In addition, Italian food is visually depicted through camera close-ups in restaurant scenes and in the many scenes involving Soprano family dinners. In these close-ups, the camera frames the food much like what one would see on a cooking program. The viewer is presented with large images of Italian pastas being dished from platters while the character dialog continues in the background. A second important symbol that serves to link the assimilated Soprano family characters to their Italian heritage is observed in the characters of Paulie Walnuts Gualtieri, Silvio Dante, and Salvatore Big Pussy Bonpensiero. These characters are part of Tonys crew, and they epitomize the stereotypical vision of the urban, somewhat slow, greasy, Italian tough guys. They dress in dark clothing; wear patterned, silk shirts, unbuttoned to show thick gold chains and crosses around their neck; grease their hair back; and speak with the same Bronx-Italian accent heard in Goodfellas (1990). Violence plays a central role in The Sopranos. This centrality contrasts sharply with the The Godfather where violence operates as a backdrop against which we can examine characters and observe family customs and behaviour. The Godfather represents a major shift in the narrative perspective of gangster films (Simon, 1983). Besides being the first film to portray the Italian Mafia, although it never uses the word Mafia in its narrative, the film uses carefully placed narrative gaps to control the affect of violence on the viewing audience. For example, the audience is not prepared for the now famous scene when studio head Jack Woltz lifts the sheets of his bed to find the severed head of his prize racehorse. The previous scene ends with Woltzs refusal to hire Johnny Fontaine, Don Corleones godson, in a discussion with Tom Hagen. When Woltz finds the horse head in his bed, the audience is forced to assume that Hagen ordered the head be severed and placed there. Through this narrative g ap, the audience is completely unprepared for the violence, and as a result, they feel the violence from the victims perspective rather than through the perpetrators. Coppola uses this narrative gap technique again and again for the assassination attempt on Don Corleone, Luca Brazzis strangulation, Sonnys execution, the murders of Paulie Gatto and Michaels Sicilian bride, and the climatic final sequence when Michaels order to assassinate five rival mobsters is carried out. This technique allows Coppola to keep the violence in the background; the violence is the inevitable outcome of failed negotiations or necessary due to ethical codes. The viewer is able to remain focused on the characters with their complex behaviours and the relationships that are demanded by their Italian ethnicity. In The Sopranos, Chase removes the violence from the background and puts it on display. Through narrative and visual signals, the viewer becomes well prepared for violent scenes and experiences those scenes from the aspect of the perpetrator. We see evidence of this in the first act of violence in episode one, The Sopranos (1999). As Tony begins his first session with therapist Dr. Malfi, he recounts a story of a chance meeting with a man who owes him an outstanding debt. Dr. Malfi interrupts Tony to mention that she knows he is a crime boss. She reminds him that if she were to hear of a murder or intentional injury, she would be required to report the incident to authorities. Tony relies, nothin happened, we had coffee. The sarcastic narrative combined with the smirk on Tonys face perfectly sets up the sudden cut to the next scene where Tony hits the man with his nephews car and then proceeds to violently punch and kick the man. When Tony contracts with a Hasidic Jew to extort a div orce from the Jews son-in-law (episode 3), Tony discusses threatening the son-in-law with castration. Several scenes later, the viewer witnesses the assault on the son-in-law, and two scenes later, Tony gleefully describes the assault to Jackie Aprile, a high ranking mob boss. When Tony takes his daughter, Meadow, to her university interviews in New England (episode 5), he unexpectedly bumps into an ex-associate who testified in court against an old mob boss. In several subsequent scenes, Tony and his daughter discuss Tonys involvement in the Mafia. Tony continually downplays his role in criminal activity. Interspersed with these scenes are scenes of Tony planning and carrying out the murder of the ex-associate. These examples demonstrate how The Sopranos follows the television practice of tell them what will happen before it happens; tell them what is happening when it happens; tell them what happened after it happens (David Chase Interview, 2000). This practice elevates the violen ce to a central position where it becomes hopelessly interlaced with family struggles such as dealing with elderly parents (episode 2), illness (episode 3), choosing a College (episode 5), children acting out in school (episode 7), the safety of children from sexual predators (episode 9), and depression (episode 12). Conclusion For most Italians who have emigrated from Italy, remnants of Italian culture are still present within their lives. American writers and scholars use the term italianità ¡ to describe these remnants of culture that persist across geographical borders and time (Tamburri, Giordano, and Gardaphà ©, 1991). The use of italianità ¡ in The Sopranos was crucial to the shows success. After a century of media representation that links Italian culture to crime, italianità ¡ authenticates the story for the viewer and makes it all seem real. Similar to the sexual escapism provided by the Italian actresses of the 1950s (Benshoff Griffin, 2004), the use of Italian culture creates the ethnic other necessary to validate the extreme violence, sex, and criminal activity. The viewer remains safe with the notion that the illicit activities and uninhibited sexuality in The Sopranos are perpetrated by transplanted ethnic others, not by respectable, white Americans. Chase admits that The Sopranos helped realize his desire to produce feature films (David Chase Interview, 2000). Although each episode is only one hour in length, airing the series on HBO allowed broadcast without commercial interruption. This permitted the writers to abandon the common television drama structure of four-act scripts permitting slower plot development. Indeed, Chase claims that each episode in the first season is a separate complete movie, that continuation of story lines from one episode to the next was low priory during the writing process. As crucial as the ethnic other is to the authentication of the story, The Sopranos became exemplary of the ethnic assimilation port

The French Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

The French Revolution The years before the French Revolution (which started in 1789 AD.) were ones of vast, unexpected change and confusion. One of the changes was the decline of the power of the nobles, which had a severe impact on the loyalty of some of the nobles to King Louis XVI. Another change was the increasing power of the newly established middle class, which would result in the monarchy becoming obsolete. The angry and easily manipulated peasants, who were used by the bourgeoisie for their own benefit were another significant change, and finally the decline of the traditional monarchy, that for so long had ruled, were all factors to the main point that the French Revolution was caused by a political base, with social disorder and economic instability contributing to the upheaval. All of the sub-factors relate with one-another, but are separate in their own ways. For centuries, the French noble was well set in society. He found prosperity and security in the old regime, and all he had to do was pay homage to the king, and provide the king with his services. This all came to a gradual stop, however beginning with the loss of the noble's power over their own land at the hands of Louis XIV.1 This was the foundation of the revolte nobiliaire in the fact that it formed a basis of mistrust, and anger for the monarch.2 In that time the feudal system was still being practiced, so social status was based on the amount of land you could attain. With no land, the nobles saw themselves to be as common as the common folk. Even in their arrogance they saw that they were losing power. The next blow to the pride of the nobles came from Louis XV, who passed a bill to let wealthy commoners purchase prominent spots in political and social positions. This event shows how corrupt and money hungry the government had become, by letting anyone get high up in the political chain just by feeding the gluttonous king. The next king, Louis XVI saw that the majority of France (75%) was peasants and serfs. Consequently, to try to ensure their happiness (and prevent the Revolution), he had the Estates-General abolish the feudal system, in which they held no ranking.4 This made the nobility extremely unhappy. With no feudal system, they no longer were much higher up politicly than the commoners. The next noble atrocity came with Louis XVI making the nobles pay taxes. Ever since... ...hat the monarch was untouchable. Seeing as how Louis was to get his head chopped off, that resolution may not have been a good idea. To make things even more equal and just, the commoners had one of the three votes his Estates-General. This meant fair representation, but it also meant that the nobles were upset with their decline of power and the commoners wanted more of their new-found power. All of these ideas seem to be good ones, but ones that would, and did harm his position. One evidently bad move was to heavily tax everyone. The peasants were already heavily taxed, so they were then brought to famine, the nobles were never taxed before and consequently disgruntled and the middle class just did not like it. If Louis XVI were alive today he would probably be a good politician-too bad the people were not ready for him in 1789. Historians have argued for centuries over what started the French Revolution: some say economics, some say politics some say the change of social structure. The only logical answer, then is that it was a little (or a lot) of all three, resulting in the decline of nobility, the rise of the middle class, the anger of the peasants and the fall of monarchy.

Marketing Survey Dettol Liquid Handwash Essay

Following is the questionnaire followed to take up the survey: Neha: Who makes the decision to buy this product? Kamal: I make the decision to buy the product. Neha: Who else plays a role in this decision making? Is there anyone else whose opinion you take into consideration while choosing this product?Kamal: Mostly, I decide as to which product to buy, but my kids and husband also voice their opinion sometimes. Neha: Why did you buy this product and what are the attributes you look for? Kamal: I have been using this product for quite a long time. The main attributes are quality assurance and cost factors. Its re-fill pack is also a good attribute, as once you buy the pump pack; you can get the re-fill at much lower cost. It is reasonably priced and also the dettol is a well known brand. Neha: Have you used any other brand of liquid handwash? If yes, then what motivated you to try the other brand? Also, what made you come back to dettol? Kamal: Yes, I have also used Lifebuoy hand wash. I have tried lifebuoy once or twice, mainly because of the non availability of the dettol hand wash in the local store from which I get the monthly ration. So, when dettol is available, I go for that only. Neha: Why didn’t you choose to wait for the new stock of dettol liquid hand wash to arrive? Kamal: Hand wash is a product of daily use, so availability is necessary. Also, Lifebuoy, dettol and a couple of other brands are almost similar in pricing and quality. Thus, there is no incentive in waiting for new stock. Neha: Have you been using this product for long? Where did you get information about this product? Kamal: Yes, I have been this product for quite some time. I got to know about this product from advertisements in television. Also the displays in the store from which I buy most of my daily needs products , also helps me make an informed decision as I can compare the prices of different brands and also the various discounts and schemes offered. Neha: Which store do you go to? Any specific reason to choose that particular store? Kamal: I go to the local departmental store in the market near to my house. I choose this store as it is nearby and I can get everything from kitchen products to sanitary products to everything. It has wide variety of products available which makes my job easier. Summary: From the above survey, following are the conclusions that can be drawn about the consumer preference and the demand of a daily mundane product of less than Rs. 75/-. Stock Availability: One of the most crucial factors for low price daily products is the availability. As they form the daily needs of the consumers, non availability of the product is not an option. Consumer will quickly switch to a new brand. Competitive Pricing: For daily products like hand wash, face wash etc. pricing plays an important role in consumer opting for a particular product. As lots of options offering almost comparable quality and price are available, pricing is very important to attract the consumers. Consumer Loyalty: Consumer loyalty also plays a significant role in the sales of the product in question. A common answer as to why they continue to buy a given product is, that they have been using the product for very long time and never faced a problem. Hence, as long as the product is consistent in quality and pricing, consumers tend to be loyal to one brand as they get used to it. Promotion: Advertisements in television/print and display in the retailer store is the main source of information for the consumers. Attractive advertisements may prompt the consumer to try out a different product and thus effective promotion campaign is needed to sustain consumer interest. As the consumer is mainly the budget conscious house wives, discounts and schemes are another effective means to maintain consumer base and also attract new consumers.

Definition and Examples of Figures of Thought

Definition and Examples of Figures of Thought In rhetoric, a figure of thought is a  figurative expression that, for its effect, depends less on the choice or arrangement of words than on the meaning(s) conveyed. (In Latin, figura sententia.) Irony and metaphor, for example, are often regarded as figures of thoughtor tropes. Over the centuries, many scholars and rhetoricians have attempted to draw clear distinctions between figures of thought and figures of speech, but the overlap is considerable and sometimes bewildering. Professor Jeanne Fahnestock describes figure of thought as a very misleading label. Observations - A figure of thought is an unexpected change in syntax or an arrangement of the ideas, as opposed to the words, within a sentence, which calls attention to itself. Antithesis is a figure of thought involving arrangement: You have heard that it was said You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you (Matt. 5:43-44); rhetorical question one involving syntax: But if the salt has lost its taste, how shall its saltiness be restored? (Matt:5:13). Another common figure of thought is apostrophe, in which the speaker suddenly makes a direct appeal to someone, as Jesus does in the eleventh verse of Matthew 5: Blessed are you when men revile you... A less common, but quite effective figure is climax, where the thought is emphasized or clarified and given an emotional twist as if by climbing a ladder (the term means ladder in Greek): We rejoice in our sufferings, knowing that suffering produces endurance, and endurance produces character, and character produces hope, and hope does not disappoint us (Rom. 5:3-4). (George A. Kennedy, New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism. The University of North Carolina Press, 1984) - Recognizing that all language is inherently figurative, classical rhetoricians regarded metaphors, similes, and other figurative devices as both figures of thought and figures of speech. (Michael H. Frost, Introduction to Classical Legal Rhetoric: A Lost Heritage. Ashgate, 2005) Figures of Thought, Speech, and Sound It is possible to distinguish figures of thought, figures of speech, and figures of sound. In Cassiuss line early in Shakespeares Julius CaesarRome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloodswe see all three sorts of figure. The apostrophe Rome (Cassius is really talking to Brutus) is one of the rhetorical figures. The synecdoche blood (using one component of the organism conventionally to represent human quality in the abstract) is a trope. The pentameter, the iambic rhythm, and the emphatic repetition of certain sounds (b and l in particular) are figures of sound. (William Harmon and Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature, 10th ed. Pearson, 2006) Irony As a Figure of Thought Like Quintilian, Isidore of Seville defined irony as a figure of speech and as a figure of thoughtwith the figure of speech, or clearly substituted word, being the primary example. The figure of thought occurs when irony extends across a whole idea, and does not just involve the substitution of one word for its opposite. So, Tony Blair is a saint is a figure of speech or verbal irony if we really think that Blair is a devil; the word saint substitutes for its opposite. I must remember to invite you here more often would be a figure of thought, if I really meant to express my displeasure at your company. Here, the figure does not lie in the substitution of a word, but in the expression of an opposite sentiment or idea. (Claire Colebrook, Irony. Routledge, 2004) Figures of Diction and Figures of Thought To confer distinction (dignitas) on style is to render it ornate, embellishing it by variety. The divisions under Distinction are Figures of Diction and Figures of Thought. It is a figure of diction if the adornment is comprised in the fine polish of the language itself. A figure of thought derives a certain distinction from the idea, not from the words. (Rhetorica ad Herennium, IV.xiii.18, c. 90 BC) Martianus Capella on Figures of Thought and Figures of Speech The difference between a figure of thought and a figure of speech is that the figure of thought remains even if the order of the words is changed, whereas a figure of speech cannot remain if the word order is changed, although it can often happen that a figure of thought is in conjunction with a figure of speech, as when the figure of speech epanaphora is combined with irony, which is a figure of thought. (Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, ed. by William Harris Stahl with E.L. Burge. Columbia University Press, 1977) Figures of Thought and Pragmatics This category [figures of thought] is difficult to define, but we can begin to understand it from the perspective of pragmatics, the dimension of linguistic analysis concerned with what an utterance is supposed to accomplish for the speaker and with how it functions in a particular situation. Quintilian captures the pragmatic or situational nature of the figures of thought when he tries to distinguish them from the schemes, For the former [the figures of thought] lies in the conception, the latter [the schemes] in the expression of our thought. The two, however, are frequently combined . . .. (Jeanne Fahnestock, Aristotle and Theories of Figuration. Rereading Aristotles Rhetoric, ed. by Alan G. Gross and Arthur E. Walzer. Southern Illinois University Press, 2000) Further Reading Figurative LanguageFigures of SoundFigures, Tropes, and Other Rhetorical TermsMeaningParrhesiaTool Kit for Rhetorical AnalysisTop 20 Figures of SpeechTropes  and  Master Tropes