Translation Approaches Essay Example for Free

Translation Approaches Essay The development of trade and industry has always given rise to changes in the evolution of communities, bringing about new social forms and stratification of society. This in its turn accelerated the appearance of businesses and factories, arrival of new professions, and urbanization. Since the times of Perestroika (which was started in 1989 by Mikhail Gorbatchev) Russian society has been experiencing dramatic changes that affected the countrys politics, economy and social life. In the past 15 years peoples attitudes to certain things have changed gradually but profoundly. We have gotten so used to these new attitudes that its hard to believe it hasnt always been like this. With the arrival of the 21st century we have experienced changes in the economic, legal, technological and other areas which affect our everyday lives. Social changes entail linguistic transformations. Russians in their everyday life got used to certain terms to the point that they no longer consider them terms—ATM machine (Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚); deposit (Ð ´Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚); account (Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚); contract (Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚); download (Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); etc. The terminology of international development is constantly evolving as new socioeconomic concepts emerge. In over 10 years the writer has witnessed the appearance of a number of neologisms, either entirely new terms or established terms used with a different meaning 1. In different societies this process may take different directions depending on the needs and wants of its people. In Russian society an explosive growth of terms pertaining to the economic and computer areas can be observed. Russians largely borrow these terms from the languages of countries with a longer capitalistic and technological tradition (like the USA, for example), thus bringing English words and expressions into the language. Though some of these borrowings have corresponding equivalents in Russian, the English terms are being extensively used by the population, as further evidence of the social changes that have taken place in the country (a similar process would have been inconceivable in the cold war period). Translation is undoubtedly a social phenomenon. Translators choices are influenced not only by the source language text and the peculiarities of the target audience, but also by the era to which the translator belongs—in translating for the modern reader it is necessary to take into consideration creative traditions, literary norms and conventions that are familiar to the reader of a certain society. Nowadays, due to various political changes and dynamic economic and technological growth, the Russian language has acquired numerous terms, which very quickly migrate from the class of neologisms to the category of familiar and frequently used words. Few of these words (computer terms, for example) do not possess the corresponding equivalent in Russian; many of them do have a Russian (very often explanatory) equivalent. For instance, such nouns as brand, merger, summit, default, deposit, site, spam, tuner, web surfing and adjectives as local, creative, top have equivalents in Russian, but the new foreign word is usually preferred (the tendency as a rule is started by the mass media). this may be explained by the fact that a borrowing often has a semantic compactness, whereas a Russian equivalent has a descriptive character—in some cases a whole sentence must be used. So translators have to deal with the problem of either choosing a popular borrowing or go with the equivalent already existing in the language. Translators of a new generation prefer not to translate so-called Americanisms and foreign food names, as they are familiar to people of all countries, and the translator no longer has the absolute need to always find a translation of a term in the target language if this would make the target-language text lose credibility. This is called excessive translation. An excessive translation is a translation that fails to foreignise/exoticise, i. e. , use source-language terms in the target-language text, to the degree that is now acceptable2. Those educated in the 60s, 50s and earlier strongly believe that foreign equivalents should be avoided, especially when a corresponding term or notion exists in the language: In very rare cases, only when its absolutely necessary for the narration of a character to use a foreign word, a Russian equivalent is always better and more appropriate. This holds true for newspapers and journals, and is hundredfold more important in fiction. 3 Certainly appearing of new criteria to what should be called an adequate translation affected the translation of fiction. Thats why new translations of novels already translated into Russian appeared recently. The most popular ones are the translations of F. S. Fitzgeralds novels The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night. The general tendency is a frequent use of anglicisms in the TL, even though they are not present in the text of the original: Now it has become a summer resort of notable and fashionable people; in 1925 it was almost deserted after its English clientele went north in April; only the cupolas of dozen old villas rotted like water lilies among the massed pines4. The phrase a summer resort of notable and fashionable people in Russian corresponds to many various bungalows have been built (Ð ­Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ã' Ã µÃ ¹Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ³Ã °Ã »Ã ¾). For no obvious reason, the translator uses a nowadays fashionable world bungalow, which is not even present in the original English text. Other examples might include the following translating inconsistencies (fraternity was translated into Russian translation by the equivalent of student corporations; market umbrella was translated as huge tent). In all cases Russian equivalents could be used (as were in the previous translation by E. D. Kalashnikova). There is also a number of colloquial words and expressions unnecessarily used in the new translation: cafe is translated as kafeshka (a diminutive form for cafe); specious reasoning is translated as tufta (a colloquial word, meaning malarkey, crap); horse-trader as torgash (a derisive synonym of merchant, could be translated as torgovets or, as it was in Kalashinkovas version, barishnik); worlds bazaar received an equivalent of world market (it sounded so much nicer in Kalashnikovas translation as lifes fair—jarmarka zhizni). The only positive trend in the new translation philosophy is that, instead of generalizing or omitting certain notions (which didnt exist in the Soviet society), the exact specific equivalent can be used: terrier is now present in the Russian language, although in the first translation it had to be translated as little dog (pjosik); cauliflower had to be translated as cabbage. The use of these nouns is possible thanks to the economic transformations on the Russian market, not because of a translators talent. First translations of the novels that werent published in Russia before due to a number of reasons, for example, explicit descriptions of sexuality, have also appeared. John Updikes novels, known for his pointillist style5 filled with sharp realistic descriptions, have just recently become available to the Russian reader. On the whole, the artistic qualities of Updikes style are not lost in these translations. However, certain translating choices are not very clear mostly due to the fact that the effect produced by the original is not the same as the one produced by the translation. In Rabbit, Run, Updikes most famous novel, there are instances when women characters appear less appealing in Russian than in the original. Rabbits wife, who, being compared to his mistress, is described as mysterious, an opaque and virginal wife6 in Russian turned into an incomprehensible, sullen and indifferent boulder7 (Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã'€Ã'ŽÐ ¼Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ³Ã »Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ¹)—clearly, the translator is taking the mistresss side in this situation. The same mistress, when Rabbit is thinking about returning to her, reasonably inquires How would you support me? . 8 In Russian this stylistically neutral phrase changes into a rude vulgar expression meaning On what a fig would you feed me? (Na kakie shishi ti budesh menja kormit)9. The references that we have about certain phenomena are not always taken into consideration. When describing the Springers the author remarks on some of their qualities, which are thoroughly meshed into the strategies of middle-class life. 10 In Russian strategies of middle-class life become petit bourgeois way of life11 (Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¶Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã · Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸)—an expression that has a very negative connotation for the Russian reader. Somehow, in other situations, rather emotional English equivalents are substituted by neutral Russian words. In the phrase The reason Fosnacht keeps getting Billy all this expensive crap is probably he feels guilty for leaving him12 the word crap which shows Rabbits negative and scornful attitude to the discussed problem is translated by the noun things (shtuki), in translation the whole communicative aim of this situation is lost. 13 Russian linguists, who assign great importance to the communicative function of the process of translation, are certainly concerned about the quality of the published translations. Maybe this is one of the reasons why so many articles devoted to the problems of Linguistic Pragmatics are being published. Linguistic Pragmatics underlines the necessity of interpreting the situation and analyzing the communicative possibilities of how it can be perceived by those involved in this communicative process, thus providing the basis for human interaction. The translation, viewed within the framework of Linguistic Pragmatics, concentrates not on the semantic meaning of the SL text, but on its communicative aim. Questions about translation quality push Applied Linguistics to a new stage of development (because it includes the science of translation). Arguments on how to treat numerous neologisms and borrowings arriving into the Russian language have revived the advancement of Lexicography—the science of dictionary compiling. Online dictionaries gain more significance for both specialists and amateur users. As online dictionaries can be regularly updated, their users wont have to deal with the problem of outdated vocabulary, which will still exist in the database, but with the necessary markers. Specialized vocabulary is duly marked and all the possible combinations are represented in the database, for e. g. the noun balance has many meanings pertaining to different spheres such as aviation, automobile industry, banking, biology, mining, bookkeeping, etc. , but hyperlinks take users to the needed meaning in seconds. Therefore in the 21st century, when effective communication has become the center of our professional lives, the importance of finding better ways of translating is increasing. Due to globalization and establishment of transnational corporations, new criteria appear of what can be regarded as an adequate translation. Introducing neologisms and borrowings into translation of articles from magazines and scientific journals might be viewed as a modern and open-minded approach; however translators should be extremely careful about not overloading fiction with unnecessary foreign expressions. It is important to remember at whom the translation is targeted and what communicative effect it is supposed to produce. The debates about what can be considered an equivalent translation give rise to a new stage of development of Applied Linguistics and other linguistic sciences, which are becoming more and more concerned about achieving communicative excellence in the modern world. Formation of English Neologisms Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. The use of word-formative means (suffixes, prefixes, composition). Among the most productive neologism-formative suffixes are –ian, -ation: Ballistician – Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ µ ( as musician, physician, etc); Commodification – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ ³ Ð ² Ð ºÃ °Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ¹ ( as simplification). Other productive neologism-formative suffixes are: -ship brinkmanship – Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹; craftsmanship – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã' Ã'‹; showmanship – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ °Ã ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€ Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã ¼; Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ·Ã ° -dom bangdom – Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼; bogdom – Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã º; suckerdom Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã ´Ã µÃ'† -ize  itemize – Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ºÃ'‚Ð °Ã ¼; institutionalize – Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; unionize – Ð ±Ã'‹Ã' ‚Ã'Å' Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'„Ã' Ã ¾Ã'ŽÐ ·Ã ° Neologisms formed via composition are constantly appearing in the English language as well: Laptop (= notebook) – Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã'… Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µ Ð ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ½Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °); Know-how – Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'Æ'-Ã'…Ð °Ã'Æ', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' ; Stay-in – Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã ºÃ µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; Sit-in – Ã' Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °; Buy-in –Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ° (Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ·Ã ° Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã'†Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¶Ã µ); Shut-down – Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ, Ð »Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  (Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °); Brain-drain – Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²; Has-been – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ. Here the challenge for a translator is to preserve the style of a news headline and at the same time give an adequate russian variant of a headline: â€Å"Russia: the brain-drain drains technological progress† – â€Å"Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã'  : Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 2. Recomprehension of the existing words. It means that well-known words acquire new meanings. For example, the word summit which is frequently used in news headlines and is traditionally rendered into Russian Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °, Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'  Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° acquired the new meaning in the late 70-is: Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ¼ Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã µ, Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ². Here is another example. The medical term domino denotes an operation during which a surgeon transplants patient A with a heart and lungs of the donor who has died of brain hemorrhage, and patient B is transplanted with an old heart of patient A. This neologism emerged in the 80-s as a result of the re-comprehension of the word domino the game in which each die is divided into two equal parts. The basic meaning of the word colour-blind is Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °, Ð ´Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. In the last quarter of the 20-th century it acquired the new meaning – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¸ Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ (Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹) Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ¶Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¸. The word shuttle originated as Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã º (Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÐ ²Ã µÃ ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã'‹). Via recomprehension of its original meaning it acquired several new ones: Ð ºÃ ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã »Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  (shuttle spaceship); Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'†, Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ·Ã ° Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã µÃ ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µ Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã µ (shuttle trader). A big amount of neologisms formed in this way have appeared in computer terminology: Web – Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã °Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ° (ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚); Mouse – Ð ¼Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Å'; Site – Ã' Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚ (Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ² ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ); Browser – Ð ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ³Ã ». to browse – Ð ±Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); Serve – Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ to serve – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã' Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'). When making a translation of a news headline containing a neologism formed by means of recomprehension it is recommended either to keep to the method of descriptive translation or give the transliteration of the neologism with the following explanation which as a rule is to be found in the beginning of the article : â€Å"The country’s fifth domino was carried out in Arizona† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð µ Ð Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'   «Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «Sunday Times »). (The set-out of the russian variant reads: ДÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã » Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð °Ã º Ã'Æ'Ð ¶ Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾. ОÐ ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ´Ã ºÃ µ Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ², Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Ð  Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¸ Ð »Ã µÃ ³Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °, Ð ° Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Б Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ). 3. Abbreviations and acronyms. Here are the abbreviations most widely used in news headlines: S. W. I. F. T. – The Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications; TCB – take care of business – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã '‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã µ; Benelux – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg – БÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ºÃ' ; CCFF – Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility. (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ'…Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸ Ã'‡Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð °Ã ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' , Ð ¡Ã ¡Ã ¤Ã ¤); CPI – Consumer Price Index (ИÐ ½Ã ´Ã µÃ ºÃ'  ПÐ ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ð ¦Ã µÃ ½, ИПÐ ¦); EFTA – European Free Trade Association (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð Ã' Ã' Ã ¾Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¢Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã ¸, ЕÐ Ã ¡Ã ¢); EMS – European Monetary System (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã °, ЕВÐ ¡); IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º Ð  Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ à   Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , Ð’Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º); IMF – International Monetary Fund (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¤Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´, ÐÅ"Ð’Ð ¤); OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ­Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ð  Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , ОÐ ­Ã ¡Ã  ); SDR – Special Drawing Rights (Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ¡Ãâ€Ã  ); SNA – System of National Accounts (Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã ° Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã ², Ð ¡Ã Ã ¡); VER – Voluntary Export Restraints (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ºÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‚Ð °): â€Å"OECD board meeting takes place on Monday† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã µÃ ´ Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ² ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  ( «Business Week »). Semantic transformations are inescapable when dealing with news headlines. The incentive for it is a huge amount of the so called headline vocabulary in the English language, often referred to as headlinese, which demands certain modifications when making a translation. Here is a list of words from the  «headline slang »: ban, bid, claim, crash, cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz, rap, Red, rush, slash. These short words which can be easily inserted into a headline are characterized by a wide field of their use. Thus, bid is not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã ²Ã ºÃ °,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ °, but also Ã'ˆÐ °Ã ³,Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °, Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢; hit —not only Ð ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ'€Ð ±,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å',but Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾, Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'… ; pact — not only Ð ¿Ã °Ã ºÃ'‚,Ã' Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€, but Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ °, Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ã' Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; probe — not only Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ, but Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µ,Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ºÃ ° as well; quit —not only Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', but also Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °, Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; quiz — not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' ,but Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐ ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ·Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‹. It is important to point out that such words have already almost utterly replaced their synonyms in news headlines. Thus, ban taken the place of forbid and prohibit; rap — of criticize, reprimand, interrogate. Wide semantics of headline words demand context-conditioned transformations in the translation. In the majority of  cases concrete definition (hyponimic transformation) takes place in the Russian variant. The accurate sense of the headline is as usual revealed in the beginning of the article: Minebea Fous Trafalgar-Glen Bid(The Independent). Comp. The article’s outset : Minebea Corp, of Japan, the worlds largest maker of precision bearings, has foiled a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group, the Kyodo News Service reported Friday. Here the outset takes away the polysemy of the headline word replacing it by the corresponding equivalent which is included into the concretizing and defining context : Trafalgar-Glen Bid — a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group. In that way the translation may sound as follows: :ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' or ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Ž. Polysemic interprepretation of a news headline can also be conditioned by the use of certain syntactic constructions, nominal phrases in particular, which can be interpreted in different ways, for instance : Benn Blasts Tory Nuclear Cover-up. (The Times). It is impossible to translate the phrase Ð ¢Ã ¾rÃ'Æ' Nuclear Cover-up† without the context. Alternative versions are possible because of the bearing word of the phrase – cover up – derived from the phrasal verb to cover up Ã'‚Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾. But the main difficulty originates from the elliptic character of the whole phrase. The clue to the accurate interpretation of the phrase lies in the article’s outset : Labour MP Ð ¢Ã ¾nÃ'Æ' Benn last night accused the government of totally misleadingthe British people about nuclear power. Thus, cover-up means here not merely â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ , but also â€Å"Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , and the omitted element in the nominal phrase above is power (Tory nuclear cover-up—Tory nuclear power cover-up). The following variants of translation are possible: БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸ or БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸. In the instance above the main difficulty connected with the interpretation of the nominal phrase is determined by its elliptic structure. In the following news headline elliptic structure is combined with the polysemy of semantic relations between the phrase components: â€Å"Power Station Action Starts Today (â€Å"The Times†). In this case power station can be realated to action as : 1) the agent, 2) the object, 3) the adverbial modifier of place. What is more, the phrase might be supposed to be characterized by semantic incompletness. The answers to these questions are to be found in the set-out: Todays Start of national industrial action in Britains power stations forms the background to the biennial Conferences of the electricians union in Scarborough. Hence power station is related to action as an adverbial modifier and the element omitted is the word combination industrial action Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °. Thus the Russian variants may be as follows: Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ½Ã ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã'…Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‚. It is important to notice the essential difference between Russian and English news headlines. This difference mainly denotes the extent to which the article contents are reflected in the headline. The authors of the British and American news article keep to the following principle when creating headlines: : Headlines should tell the story†. Thus a headline is the compressed to the limit variant of the main text :Dusseldorfs State Gallery Proves a Mausoleum for Mummified Modernism; First Chicago Bank Says Profit Rose 58% for Initial Period. (The Sun). The Russian news headlines are based on a different principle: as a rule they place an emphasis on one element of the text contents – â€Å"Ðâ€"Ð °Ã'…Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ·Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «Ãâ€™Ã µÃ'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ ÐÅ"Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã º) » . In such cases additional information is required because the method of literal translation does not guarantee an adequate English variant. Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. Inversion. This transformation is demanded by a fixed word order in the English sentence. It is often conditioned on the degree of compatibility freedom in both languages : â€Å"Most favoured nation trading status† – â€Å"Ð ¡Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'  Ð ½Ã °Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «The Economist »). Polynomial word combinations which are frequently used for creating news headlines in the British and American periodicals often include attributes which represent a full sentence: â€Å"The no-room-at-the-inn incident† – â€Å"ИÐ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚, Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚ Ð ² Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «The Sun »). The principle of the translation of such news headlines includes the following steps : 1. To figure out the bearing word; 2. To select semantic groups; 3. To make a t ranslation starting with the bearing word. 2. The replacement of parts of speech or parts of a sentence. In some cases the replacement of certain parts of speech or members of sentence is required in order to achieve adequate translation: â€Å"Bill Clinton faces bypass operation † – â€Å"БÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã'Æ' КÐ »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'Æ' Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'ˆÃ'Æ'Ð ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"International Herald Tribune†). It is the syntactical and semantic transformation that the sentence undergoes in the above case – the definite clause is replaced by the indefinite one due to the peculiarities of the Russian language. Thus, the simple predicate faces in the English headline is substituted for the complex verbal predicate Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ in the Russian variant. 3. Word addition is required in order to clear up the meaning of a headline and deliver adequate translation: â€Å"For Bush it’s the man (not a detailed plan) that matters† – â€Å"ДÐ »Ã'  БÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ° Ð ²Ã °Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã »Ã °Ã ½, Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  ( «International Herald Tribune »). The laconism of the English language allows to omit the subordinate clause we add to the Russian variant without any significant changes in the meaning. As one can observe, apart from the method of word addition the method of inversion is also used in this case. Another example is:  «Feel the hate, fear and loathing in New York »  «ÃÅ¸Ã ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ, Ã'†Ð °Ã'€Ã' Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð Ã'Å'Ã'Ž-ЙÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune »); â€Å"U. S. reservist convicted over abuse in Iraqi prison† – â€Å"Ð Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ ½ Ð ·Ã ° Ð ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ¸Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ã'ŽÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 4.  Literal translation can take place in case of the similarity of the syntactical structure and word order in the English and the Russian sentence. In this case the English news h eadline may be rendered into Russian without any significant changes. Here it is possible to omit an article or any other functional word or to change the semantic character of a word. Literal translation should not be mixed with a word-for-word translation which always leads to a mistake. Exampler of the use of literal translation method:  «Lebanon extends term of its president »  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã µÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð °Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms. The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1) The structure of news headlines often includes free word combinations. Thus, their peculiarities are worth considering when translating a headline. In free word combinations words preserve their meanings. That is why when translating a free word combination it is necessary to know the translation of each of its components. In case there are no corresponding linguistic items in the Russian language to the English ones the translation method to be used is called replication. Replication means that all the components of a word combination are rendered without any changes. Thanks to the method of replication there is a huge amount of international notions which are widely used in news headlines: †¢ Shuttle diplomacy Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ´Ã ¸Ã ¿Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' ; †¢ Vicious circle – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ºÃ'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³; †¢ Head of the government – Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ²Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Free economic zone – Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °; †¢ Maldistribution of costs – Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚; †¢ Jobless rate – Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹:  «Jobless rate tips lower in France » –  «Ãâ€™Ã ¾ Ð ¤Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹.  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). It should be noted however that replication does not mean mere mechanical rendering of the meanings of a free word combination components. These components often stay in complicated relationships with each other. Even the most simple attributive groups which coincide in their structure with the Russian combinations â€Å"Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ+Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (A+N: Adjective+Noun) can be difficult to translate because: 1. An English word (adjective in the function of an attribute) can be translated in different ways depending on the meaning of a noun that follows: †¢ Public opinion – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ Public debt – Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³; †¢ Public scandal – Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ´Ã °Ã »:  «Public debt of Lybia increases by 2,8 % over 8 months » –  «Ãâ€œÃ ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³ ЛÐ ¸Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ð ·Ã ° 8 Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'†Ð µÃ ² Ð ½Ã ° 2,8 %  » ( «The Economist »). 2. The Russian variant bears a preposition: †¢ Europian securiy – Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ; †¢ Stateless citizen – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Terrorist trial – Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´ Ð ½Ã °Ã ´ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸; †¢ Commercial revolution – Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'„Ð µÃ'€Ð µ Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ½Ã ºÃ °: „Who is to be responsible for European Security? â€Å" – „КÃ'‚Ð ¾ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ? â€Å"(„The Timesâ€Å"). 3. Components of an attributive group are shifted: †¢ Working expectancy – Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸; †¢ Administrative efficiency – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾:  «Crisis overcome due to administrative efficiency »  «Ãâ€˜Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã'€Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). 2)News headlines can be well characterized by the frequent use of phraseological units. Phraseological units are more or less stable word combinations the meaning of which is determined by the whole unit but not by the meanings of each of its components: †¢ It’s high time – Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °; †¢ Take your time – Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å'; †¢ Help yourself – Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å':  «A new delicious production of â€Å"Kaligula†: theatrical epicures, please help yourself »  «Ã Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'‹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °  «ÃÅ¡Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'‹Â » Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã'‚Ð µÃ °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã‚ » ( «The Daily Telegraph »). British and American news headlines are rich in both figurative and non-figurative phraseological units. Non-figurative phraseological units are also called fraseological combinations. The components in them preserve their meanings but combine with certain words only, that is why it is impossible to change them ad arbitruim: †¢ To take measures – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã'‹; †¢ To make a decision – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ To achieve results – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²; †¢ To pay attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ); †¢ To draw attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã'‡Ã'Å'Ð µ-Ã'‚Ð ¾):  «Troops start storming school in Beslan – who makes decision?  » –  «ÃÅ¡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã » Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼ Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'‹ Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µ?  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). The translation of non-figurative phraseological expressions into Russian can be carried out in two different ways: The 1st method – the expression is rendered into one Russian word: †¢ To take a risk – Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To have a rest – Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'…Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To take offence – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; †¢ To take a nap – Ð ²Ã ·Ã ´Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å':  «Does NTT general director take big risks?  »  «Ã ¡Ã µÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ·Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð »Ã ¸ Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ³Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã'€ Ð ­Ã ½-Ã'‚Ð ¸-Ã'‚Ð ¸?  » ( «The Times†). The 2d method – a phraseological unit is rendered into equivalent combinations (absolute and relative): a) absolute equivalents: o shadow cabinet – Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚; o to hit the target – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'; o golden share – Ð ·Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð °Ã ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã' ; o to put an end to – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'†, Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'; o the root of the trouble – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °; o to read between lines – Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ' Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º: â€Å"Terrorism – where root of trouble to be found† – â€Å"Ð ¢Ã µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ – Ð ² Ã'‡Ð µÃ ¼ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °? † ( «International Herald Tribune »). b) relative equivalents: o to take into account – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to make a point – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to jump at conclusions – Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'ˆÐ ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‹; o moment of silence – Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‡Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o ups-and-downs – Ð ²Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o at the worlds end – Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'Ž Ã' Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °; o think tank – Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'€; o token strike – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °:  «Ups-and-downs of Rolex: brief outlook on history »  «Ãâ€™Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð  Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °: Ð ²Ã ·Ã ³Ã »Ã' Ã ´ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¸Ã‚ » ( «Business Week »). All in all, to whatever extent the components of a phraseological unit might be semantically connected, the main rule when making a translation is to observe the norms of the Russian language and avoid literal translation and violation of the Russian set expressions. Figurative phraseological units are also known as idioms. Idioms can be often found in news headlines as well. An idiom is a set  expression (conversational formula) the meaning of which does not arise from the sum of its components meanings: o through thick and thin –Ð ²Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ±Ã'‹ Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ¸ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã »Ã ¾; o tooth and nail – Ð ½Ã µ Ð ¶Ã °Ã »Ã µÃ'  Ã' Ã ¸Ã », Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ °Ã ²Ã °; o its raining cats and dogs – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ´Ã'Å' Ð »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ¸Ã · Ð ²Ã µÃ ´Ã'€Ð °; o to be caught red-handed Ð ±Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' :  «US guardsman caught red-handed »  «Ã Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ » ( «International Herald Tribune »). When translating idioms one ought to use their Russi an equivalents.

Somali Piracy Culture Essay example -- Somalia Pirates

Somalia is one of the poorest nations in the world whose economy depends largely on their fishing industry. However, powerful nations have ruined the country’s fishing industry by using huge offshore fishing vessels and by illegally dumping waste material into the Somali coastline. The UN Security Council, the European Union, and NATO largely supported these acts through resolutions. Being confronted by these powerful institutions, a powerless nation, such as Somalia, does not have an array of resources to battle this exploitation. To make their voice be heard, a Somali Pirate culture developed in the past twenty years. It consists of hijacking vessels and demanding a ransom. While their actions did not attract much attention in the beginning, publicity and awareness of this issue has steadily increased. The purpose of this paper is to show that the Somali pirate culture has reached a point, where they successfully influence the global economy, which has consequences in countr ies around the world. By controlling international trade routes, Somali pirates uphold this power. These efforts by the Somali pirates exhibit their disparity and signify that they will not allow the piracy of their own resources without retaliation. To draw attention to their dire situation, the Somali pirate culture developed over two decades ago, raiding fishing and commercial boats and ships in order to demand ransom from other countries. Though their methods may not be of the most legit methods, their efforts have been effective. Somalia’s coastline extends to just under two thousand miles, allowing control to most of where the Gulf of Aden empties out into the Indian Ocean, and creates a choke point. â€Å"Equipped with small skiffs, firearms, grapnels and ... ... very reason this culture has been initiated, they continue to fight the war against the Somali pirates. Works Cited Agence France Presse. (2009, April 15). Inquirer.net. Retrieved January 12, 2011, from Inquirer.net: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20090415-199432/Facts-and-figures-Somalia-piracy Reuters. (2009, April 15). Reuters. Retrieved January 12, 2011, from Reuters.com: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE53E2JR20090415?pageNumber=2 Thakurta, S. (2008, October 10). Somalia piracy: The world can't afford to ignore . Retrieved January 12, 2011, from Merinews: http://www.merinews.com/article/somalia-piracy-the-world-cant-afford-to-ignore/144093.shtml Wright, R. (2011, January 16). Financial Times. Retrieved January 17, 2011, from FT.com: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/658138a6-219b-11e0-9e3b-00144feab49a.html#axzz1BKVMULD0

Financial Planning Essay

|Topic: â€Å"Describe the essential element to be a successful financial planner in Hong Kong and China. Explain the challenges of | |practicing ethical financial planning in Hong Kong and China. † | The financial climate is changing constantly with the changing of numerous influential factors. Financial planning is one of the financial industries which gradually developed from a vague concept to a recognized specialty.However, this industry is still in a young stage so that there are some problematic issues concerned especially in some Asian districts like Hong Kong and China. It can be reflected particularly in the remuneration system and professionalization of financial planners as well as public recognition for this industry. To reach a mature level, the first step is establishing a public confidence. Therefore it is emergent for financial planners to think about how to become successful. As the role of helping clients makes some most important decisions of their lives, f inancial planners are required to satisfy a specific set of essential elements.The first and also the most basic requirement for them is strong professional knowledge. Financial planners should be able to implement a comprehensive process when help clients create financial plans and evaluate financial products packages independently to satisfy clients’ need. Well-rounded professional knowledge in varied fields is crucial at the moment which including not only the financial related areas such as economics, business management, and investment, insurance but also some other non-financial related areas such as psychology and sociology.Having the general base knowledge is the start but not the end in the career so that many financial planners are expected to have an expertise in particular field which can help them directly take an advantage position in satisfying some specific clients’ need. Take the insurance planning as an example; a financial planner who is expertise in the insurance industry as well as having the basic all round knowledge will be most likely to gain the clients’ trust.In addition, the ongoing learning is also essential since the financial environment is changing every day and all the decisions should be made according to the particular background environment. The Mainstay’s survey in 2006 shows that 85 percent of the population wants financial planners who are knowledgeable, skilled, and actually care beyond the transaction. And there are also other researches and evidences indicate that interpersonal skills are more important than technical expertise at most times.In this sense, the ability to have emotional resonance with clients and show one’s sincere and caring attitude would be crucial to attract new clients and establish a long term relationship with existing clients. Also it is applicable in making financial plans and implementing related strategies because clients’ assistances and cooperation p lay a significant role in the process. This implication can be obviously reflected in the second step of a formal personal financial planning process, gathering client data and determining goals.When communicating with clients, an excellent financial planner would be able to extract useful information to understand the client’s motivation as well as manage their expectations. It is no doubt that a good reputation is the most valuable thing for financial planners. In addition to professional knowledge and strong interpersonal skills, ethical behavior is a great concern. Proposed ethical behavior standards are based on principle of integrity, objectivity, competence, fairness, confidentiality, professionalism and diligence.These principles given by CFP Board aim to encourage public confidence to financial planning industry as well as explicitly identify practitioners’ responsibilities and obligations to different stakeholders. However, practicing these ethical principles in real world may not an easy task. The following part of the essay will examine the challenges of practicing ethical financial planning in Hong Kong and China. With rapid wealth accumulation and increasing investor demand in Hong Kong and China, a higher potential development opportunity for financial planning services had been witnessed.But at the same time, a higher expectation for quality financial planning with insufficient confidence from the pubic becomes a source of challenges for this industry. It appears to be tougher when considering the implementation of ethical financial planning since the nature of the industry is based on trust between clients and planners. These challenges are reflected particularly in the following aspects. Firstly, fee-based financial planning barely exists in Asia due to the low consumer acceptance degree, which most likely to lead to an issue of interest conflicts.A financial planner is commonly compensated by commissions from selling product qu otas given by their companies and the selection of product may not be the best choice for clients. It also matters when considering the risk tolerance for financial planners’ income. Only commission-based compensation may result in unethical behavior practiced by financial planners to survive because of sharp drop in income during the business recession. Secondly, it is challengeable for financial planners to offer high quality services without sufficient confidence and trust from clients.Financial planners must have deep understanding about their client’s financial status, needs and concerns in order to give desirable advices. However, most Chinese consumers are not willing to offer their private information to people whom they are not familiar with, which make it difficult to decide the initial plan and identify the expected outcomes. It is true that an excellent financial planner should have the interpersonal skills of encouraging clients to provide related informat ion as much as possible.The contention about what degree an planner should pursue discovery conversations and how to justify the ethical position when making effort to gain the consumer information is concerned. Finally, the level of knowledge and education of financial services to the public are relatively low in districts for some undeveloped cities in mainland China, which may become a kind of misguided incentive of unethical behavior to financial planning services providers affected by the poor review mechanism and lapses of checks.It can be strongly reflected in the fairness issue such as disclose of information between planners and clients It will take long for this industry to develop mutually, some improvement measures can be practiced now. Efforts could be focused on several aspects including the closely supervise of cooperate governance, adequate training for practitioners’ competence and professionalism, as well as the education for the public.

Analysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic - 779 Words

Tom Hanks once said, â€Å"A hero is somebody who voluntarily walks into the unknown†. Stories about such heroes have been told for centuries. In fact, heroistic ideals are sometimes the basis of a society. The Anglo-Saxon people are a prime example of the previous statement. In Anglo-Saxon culture, being called a hero was an honor. Heroes were treated like kings. One of the most popular hero stories that bled into Anglo-Saxon life was the heroic epic of Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon hero as he was courageous, strong, and determined. Due to its wondrous tales of Beowulf’s intrepid adventures, Beowulf is a heroic epic. To clarify, a heroic epic is a type of epic whose main purpose is to tell the story of a hero’s†¦show more content†¦Because they were always under attack whether it was from neighboring tribes or disease, Anglo-Saxon life was not easy; in fact, it was quite rough. Beowulf delivers this aspect of life through Grendel, the dragon, and Grendel’s mother’s attacks. The Germanic people always thought Wyrd, the fate god, was always against them. Furthermore, the poem â€Å"teaches a modern audience much about Anglo-Saxon ideals of heroism and kingship† (113). Beowulf demonstrates to the reader what it means to be an Anglo-Saxon hero. Overall, Beowulf is a heroic epic because it embodies all the aspects of a heroic epic. In light of his inhuman strength, adept fighting skills, and courageness, Beowulf is a prime example of an Anglo-Saxon hero. From the very beginning of Beowulf’s introduction into the novel, he was described as a skilled fighter. He was introduced as having â€Å"risen from the darkness of many wars, dripping with my enemies’ blood† not only did he defeat his own kind, but he also hunted â€Å"monsters out of the ocean† (417-418, 422-423). Beowulf was always ready to engage in another fight as seen in his volunteering to fight Grendel. In the poem, Beowulf was known for having super strength. He defeated Grendel, who was able to tear men apart, with his bare hands. In fact, the poem says that Beowulf stopped Grendel path of destruction by fastening Grendel’s claws â€Å"till they cracked† (761). Swords and soldiers could not stop Grendel, butShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Beowulf Considered A Hero?983 Words   |  4 PagesMay 2016 Why is Beowulf considered a hero? Beowulf, an epic hero of his time, has some people that don’t think he should be considered a hero, but I think otherwise. He killed many monsters, and creatures from various places, saving the people who live(d) there, and this is the definition of a hero, â€Å"a person, typically a man, who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities.† That definition really describes Beowulf because of the outstandingRead MoreA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh Essay examples1640 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh There are many differences and critical comparisons that can be drawn between the epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh. Both are historical poems which shape their respected culture and both have major social, cultural, and political impacts on the development of western civilization literature and writing. 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