Executive Coaching: Humanistic Perspective Essay

It is a matter of fact that executive coaching is of great importance in our swiftly changing business and everyday life. Actually, I agree with Mary’s point of view that humanistic perspective should be used in business environment. I think that future leaders and top managers should pay more attention to this perspective. Moreover, working people should be encouraged to realize that they are provided with choices which direct their life. And executive coachers help people to choose the best suited options for them. As for me, humanistic perspective of executive coaching is that it refers to psychoanalysis aimed at finding the most effective ways of performance because coaches don’t simply tell how to behave or what to do; instead they allow you to realize what you need to do. Executive coaching assists many people in sharpening their skills. Coaching helps people who know what they want, but don’t know how to achieve the desired outcome. This approach also helps when sudden or unexpected changes occur in work environment as coaching helps people to adapt to innovations and to cope with new challenges. Furthermore, executive coaching finds new ways of solving old problems. I think that Mary is right when saying that â€Å"the humanistic perspective of executive coaching is when people are seen as having a choice in how they respond to their environment† as humanistic approach suggest wide range of possible choices and directions of one problem. It is argued that awareness helps many people to see that they are provided with choices and I am sure that we have to cultivate this skill. Awareness gives the sense of responsibility and power over the choices to be made. Due to humanistic perspective people realize that choices are inevitable part of work environment and everyday life. The primary benefit of executive coaching is that it makes people think of their own experiences, not others. Summing up, I support Mary’s opinion and think that executive coaching provides really positive viewpoint of human nature.

Persecution of Jews between the years 1933-39 Essay

By what stages and why did the Nazi Regime increase it’s persecution of Jews between the years 1933-39. Jewish people had been a traditional enemy for several hundred years before Hitler came to power and he made it quite clear in his book, ‘Mein Kampf,’ that he hated Jewish people. It should be no surprise that even before he rose to power he had already took steps to increase persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany in 1933-39. Before any of the momentous stages began, Hitler had displayed plenty of propaganda to advocate Nazi opinions of Jews, he realised that it wouldn’t be a good idea to persecute Jews to the highest level to begin with as he needed to be established as a great leader. Had he have began his stages with an event such as Kristallnacht the German people may not have accepted him as well as they did. Hitler began his stages with unorganised persecution, in 1933 he organised the April Boycotts which involved the boycotting of Jewish businesses, encouraging Aryan Germans to stay away from Jewish owned stores. The members of the Nazi party were eager to begin anti-Jewish measures so Hitler didn’t want to carry on denying them this. This stage kept the members happy for a short while and was also backed by churches; increasing its influential value. However the April Boycotts had to be kept fairly low key as Hitler did not want the public to resent him had they thought his measures were too much too soon; his suspicions were in fact correct, Hitler realised he didn’t have the public support he needed as despite the Boycotts the public seemed apathetic, they carried on shopping in Jewish stores; ignoring Hitler’s warning. Another factor controlling the force of the persecution was the fact that Hindenburg was still supreme to Hitler, he had already brought in the Hindenburg clause (whereby Jewish world war one veterans were exempt from the rule that Jews must be fired from certain professions) which hindered Hitler’s chance at early success. Hitler’s first attempt at unorganised persecution was supposed to last indefinitely, but in fact it only lasted a day. The Nazi regime’s next step in 1935 marked a new phase in their bid to increase the persecution of Jews. Following Hindenburg’s death in 1934, Hitler introduced The Nuremburg Laws in August 1935 which basically stripped the Jews of their civil rights. Hitler had realised that the intense propaganda had succeeded in winning the public over and therefore decided to take his persecution to the next stage. He completely disregarded the Hindenburg clause and referred to the Jews not as citizens but as ‘subjects’ of Germany. This step was to separate the Jews from the rest of the Germany nationality and could be seen as a result of the lack of progress made in the Nazi’s attempt to get Jews out of the country, statistics of Jews emigrating fell from 37000 to 23000 in 1934. However, in light of the Berlin summer Olympics in 1936, Hitler toned down the propaganda aimed at the persecution of Jews as he wanted tourists to see Germany as a pure country, free of people he though inferior such as Jews. The Nuremburg laws seemed to be as a result of Hitler feeling that he needed to start taking action that is easily recognisable as persecution; this however was nothing in comparison to his next step. On November 9th 1938, following the assassination of a German official in Paris by a young Jewish boy, the Nazi’s embarked on an orgy of violence, destroying Jewish Property in predominantly Jewish towns in Germany. This seemed the final straw for Hitler, before this he had not let member of the Nazi party display this type of organised persecution. The SS officers conducting the attacks broke the law, but Hitler let this go ahead as there was no popular outcry for it to stop, most resistance was very passive, probably Jew to the Nazi fear factor; no-one dear stand up to them. The intensity of Nazi officials complaining about a lack of action against the Jews encouraged this new wave of intimidation. To add insult to injury, the Jews were fined for the damage done to their towns and property; 1,000,000,000RM in total. 26,000 Jews were arrested and sent to work camps, Kristallnacht is thought to mark the beginning of the Holocaust. Hitler’s 4th and final stage was to eliminate Jews; they were not emigrating anymore (as much as they wanted to) simply because other countries could not take them. The measures taken previous to this stage were not enough to get rid of the Jews so Hitler decided to cram the Jews into small ghettos, so he could take complete control of them ready for when they were shipped off in freight trains to concentration camps. Hitler named this ‘the final solution of the Jewish question’ this stage seemed ooze a sense of desperation, nothing Hitler had done before had deterred the Jews enough for them to flee wherever they could. Once in concentration camps, had they not died of diseases such as Typhus, the Jews were systematically gassed in chambers, sometimes up to 2000 at a time. The name ‘final solution’ suggests that this really was the last straw for Hitler, he felt there was no other way to rid Germany of the Jews as although the first camp opened in 1933 (Dachau) they weren’t widely used until 1939, these camps could be seen as a precautionary measure. It is evident that Hitler had many ideas as to how to persecute Jews; he started with quite mild measures and gradually escalated things as a result of unresponsive behaviour from Jews. The pressure he was under from other Nazi party members in the early stages probably pushed him to cross the line into breaking the law to persecute Jews. The latter stages of these measures may not have happened had the Jews emigrated when they were encouraged to.

Jose Rizal Essay

As all Filipinos very well know Jose Rizal has written many books like Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo to expose the hardship Filipinos are experiencing during the Spanish Time without fearing for what would happen to his life because of this. He was even exiled in Dapitan because of his writing and during this time he did not stop helping and even taught the villagers there the importance of education and as a doctor cured those who are sick. His intentions were clear, the willingness to help is always there. I think this is the first step in showing the Fiipinos his intention of helping our fellow Filipinos to build a nation. Our Forefathers became aware of the abuses being done in our country because of what Rizal had written therefore awakening the Filipinos knowledge to build a nation not under the influence of any Foreign People but a nation which should be protected and loved by its citizen. The intentions also of the Foreign Leadership that was happening in our country that time were revealed by his writing. Abuses of the soldiers, Friars and other Spanish leaders were exposed to the people and analysing such would be comparing the corruption happening even during those days. Corruption has been a root cause on why a nation suffers. Jose Rizal during his last days made thru to his intention of his love for the Nation so that it could be strong. Sacrificing his life for the Nation who during that time is so afraid and awakening the Katipunan to stand strong against Foreign Colonialism is surely an indication that this is the start of a strong Nation not afraid to face aggression and to love this country which should be governed by its people and showing his undying love by sacrificing himself just to spark its country man, therefore it is my opinion that Rizal is the spark to build a strong nation here in our Country.

Electing Judges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electing Judges - Essay Example ready served before, my decision will dependant on how fairly the judge has been operating and whether or not he has previously based his decisions in compliance with my believes. The president is responsible for the selection of the chief justice of the US courts. The president should take various factors into consideration before the selection of the chief justice. In the past, those individuals have been able to obtain the seat of chief justice who was representatives of the President’s political party (Segal 182). Secondly, presidents even elect chief justices on the basis of their opinion; those justices who shared similar opinions as held by the president have even been assigned to the seat of chief justice. Justices have even been elected for the position of chief justice on the basis of experience and seniority. I believe that chief justice should be selected by considering how fairly he has been operating in his judicial holdings and whether he/she has made biased to unbiased decisions in the

Critical Discourse Analysis for Obama's 2012 cictory speech Essay

Critical Discourse Analysis for Obama's 2012 cictory speech - Essay Example It may also result in oppression of groups based upon gender (Clegg, 1975). Van Dijk (2006) also states that much of what goes into discourse is an attempt to manipulate the audience. Therefore, the central crux of the CDA is how words and discourse is used to control different groups. They must work to change the minds of others, so that these groups’ minds and thoughts are more in line with the groups in power (van Dijk, 2003). van Dijk (2006) looks at the context of speech, as well as examine the discrete parts of the speech for a linguistic analysis, including grammar, style, pragmatism, etc. Included are examinations of sociopolitical contexts, as well as look at how a speech is used to manipulate other groups (Furnham, 1981). Van Dijk (1995) is also interested in how discourses advance ideology. According to van Dijk (1995), ideologies are cognitive, social, sociocognitive, are not true or false, have varying degrees of complexity, have variable maifestations, and are ge neral or abstract. By stating that ideologies are cognitive, van Dijk (1995) states that ideologies are individualistic, which means that the individual has a system of ideas, thoughts, beliefs, judgments and values. An analysis of discourse Van Dijk (1978) further breaks down how discourse should be analysed. He states that there are semantic structures that can be examined to indicate how the speech is being used, and what the goal is, the ideology, and so forth. Speech may be analysed in this way at the microstructure level, or the macrostructure level. The microstructure level is the level that analyses the local level of discourse – the structure of the individual propositions and the relations. The macrostructure is the level that analyses the more global nature of the speech - the discourse itself would fit into a theme, so that the discourse may be seen as a part of a meaningful whole(Clark, 1977). Van Dijk (1978) states that a coherent text base is made up of proposi tions. The proposition is a concept and an argument. The argument may fulfill different functions, such as agent, object and goal of the speech. The text bases must be coherent. One type of coherence is the referential coherence. This is coherence between two propositions that share the same argument, or maybe referentially coherent because one argument is embedded with another argument. There needs to be some kind of argument overlap between all the concepts of the text, for the text to be further processed. If there are gaps, then inference processes may close them – in other words, not everything has to be said. Some things can be inferred. If there are gaps, then one or more propositions must be added to the base of the text, in order for it to achieve coherence. The other concept advanced by van Dijk (1978) is that of the processing cycle. The human memory can only digest speeches and discourse in chunks of information. Therefore, the chunks must all fit together. The ch unks are several propositions. Each of the chunks should link with the other ones that were processed. The chunks are stored in the memory, and only those which are stored in the memory can be used to connect other chunks of information. As long as there is some kind of overlap between the chunks of information, then the text will be interpreted as coherent by the listener. If the proposition shares an argument with another

Analysis of Zircon Cars Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of Zircon Cars Company - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of Zircon Cars Company" analyzes if it is profitable to acquire the Korean Composites Company as Zircon Cars is contemplating on reducing its production costs. The diversification finance concept dictates it is advantageous to invest in several market segments, including investing in the new Korean fibre body shell market segment. On market’s profitability will reduce the risk of losses in another market. The above table 6 shows the combined financial report for two segments. The combined report is based on the 2016 accounting period. The United Kingdom is one of the chosen Zircon Cars market segments. The United Kingdom Zircon Cars market segment sales is  £113,100,000 and the Korean Composites global fibre body shell market segment generated 48,140,000,000 Korean Won Currency amount. The conversion or translation of the Korean currency to the United Kingdom currency, British Pound. The sales amount of the Korean Composites Company for 2016 is  £28,407,548.59. Combining the 2016 accounting period sales of both the Zircon Cars’ United Kingdom market segment and the Korean company’s sales, the total sales figure is  £141,507,548.59. Also the United Kingdom Zircon Cars market segment income before tax deduction is  £ 22,857,510 and the Korean Composites global fibre body shell market segment produced 9,621,706,787.40 Korean Won Currency amount income before tax deduction amount. There is the same conversion of the Korean currency to the United Kingdom currency, British Pound.

Associated Effects of Beach Grooming on Intertidal Organisms Essay

Associated Effects of Beach Grooming on Intertidal Organisms - Essay Example The importance of measuring the macrofauna that is evident inside large kelp wracks ensures the survival or extinction of many species that flourish within the macrofauna community. Such specimens as hopper, work+Poly and crab are the subject of this paper and their capacity to flourish in numbers in either a groomed or ungroomed sandy beach. The kelp wracks provide an immense macro- and micro-organism breading ground along with sustainable features necessary to fulfill their existence. These numbers were inputted via t-test and produced outputs for their mean variance and their percentages equivalent to the groomed and ungroomed beach. The first of two samples was taken in the early morning prior to any grooming and a second sample was completed in the early afternoon along the transects that ran perpendicular to the line formed by the water's edge. Each sample consisted of a shovel full of sand and the organisms in it. The sand was then sieved in order to count all the organisms in each of the samples and was recorded on the data sheet. The t-tests and analysis/graphs are at the end of this report. There was some wrack present in the first sample and very little in the second sample. The transect continued on for the prescribed 30m long zone and 5m shoreward of the berm and was run down towards the water. Each sample was taken at every 2-meter transect line and to preserve the area after testing, each hole was filled in after data was collected. Discussion The goal of this research is to enter into discussion the three areas respecting the sandy beach ecosystem. These include patterns of Zonation, density and species diversity and the association of sandy beach invertebrate in ungroomed and groomed sand beaches. Pattern of Zonation Dahl (1952) identified three different zones attributed to the "amount of tidal inundation: 1) subterrestial fringe (Talitrid-Ocypodid belt); midlittoral zone (Cirolanid isopods); and the sub-littoral fringe (rich and varied fauna)" (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: Sandy Beaches, 2006). It has been found that an additional zone should be added for beaches in central California, called "swash zone" (MBNMS, 2006) and the following figure is relative to the fauna zone as outlined by Dahl: Figure 1. Faunal zonation on the Moss Landing beach. From Oakden and Nybakken 1977. source: http://www.montereybay.noaa.gov/sitechar/images/beachf3.gif Many of the meiofauna species which inhabit the interstitial spaces between the sand grains are impacted by the actual sand grain size and depending on the tidal fluctuations that are present to either remove large or small parts of the tidal silt. This impacts the collectivity of the interstitial fauna. Many people who don't understand the communities which are present within both the silt layers and the content of the sand for feeding and breeding purposes need to understand that beach grooming has a large ecological impact on the macrofauna culture. Measure the association of sandy beach invertebrates and kelp wrack A study completed by the National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park measured the invertebrates found within the kelp wrack in 1999 in samplings found at nine different sites characteristic of "core transects to measure infauna, point-contact transect to measure macrophyte wrack" in an effort to gauge the level of these communities.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

All Quiet on the Western Front - Essay Example This movie managed to recreate the horrors of war on the screen, with an intensity that was not only gripping and awe-inspiring in those times but has conclusively sustained its relevance and appeal, even today. Lewis Milestone, with an essentially cinematic panache and finesse, managed to unravel the conflict inherent between the youthful yearning for fame and heroism and the frustrating violence and irony that waited for a group of greenhorns who trudged their way to the battlefield, enveloped in an aura of grandeur and great expectations. The theme and cinematographic techniques exploited in the movie were to set the pace for the future war movies. â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† unraveled the basic accouterments of modern warfare, be it gut wrenching hunger and maddening insecurity, disturbing bloodshed and the pain of losing friends, the essential trauma that accompanies an unromantic death, with an intensity that is gripping and unsettling at the same time. Even today, the primary misconception that is the bane of Hollywood war movies is the unrelenting belief that a war movie to be successful has to inevitably rely on the grandeur and mammoth scale of the battle sequences, pepped up by a generous usage of war machinery, fanfare, and special effects. Milestone shattered such notions of magnanimity by letting this movie evolve beyond a spectacular dependence on costly and elaborate battle scenes, to penetrate deep into the recesses of the human psyche that are inherently averse to violence and bloodshed.... nanimity by letting this movie evolve beyond a spectacular dependence on costly and elaborate battle scenes, to penetrate deep into the recesses of human psyche that are inherently averse to violence and bloodshed. The movie is effectively and genuinely interspersed with intense and isolated scenes, which crystallize the actors' sense of fear, guilt and apprehension in an individualistic yet interrelated moment of time, highlighted by an apt usage of montage sequencing, parallel editing and high key lighting. One such awesome scene is the moment when Paul, while searching for safety and security in the trenches had to kill an enemy soldier, in an instinctive and desperate pursuit for survival. The cinematographer deftly managed to catch the trauma and guilt that takeover Paul, as he helplessly watched the prolonged and slow death of an enemy. Not only this, but the director was skillfully able to sustain Paul's disillusionment, guilt and agony for quiet a long time, accentuating its scope with just the right blend of lighting, sound and acting, which bring forth an enervating sense of claustrophobia laced with apprehension that defined the life in the trenches. This scene happened to be one amongst many such scenes that made this movie an everlasting success. The essential challenge before any anti-war movie is to build on the ubiquity and irrationality of war, which is inherently an anti-hero theme. The director is required to sustain and build upon the meaninglessness and futility of violence up to the level where all perceptions pertaining to the well-defined antagonists and protagonists melt and evaporate, making way for the inevitability of death that does not differentiate between a friend and a foe. The movie under consideration qualifies to be an all-time

Food- Steroids. Anitbiotics. Sprays. Are food manufacturers killing us Research Paper

Food- Steroids. Anitbiotics. Sprays. Are food manufacturers killing us Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example olic disruptor ingredients like hydrogenated oil, sodium nitrite, aspartame, homogenized milk fats, monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and the like that can cause brain damage, cancer, and diabetes. Third, processed foods barely resemble the nature given food that they are due to over processing, overcooking, preserving with chemicals, pasteurizing, homogenizing and even irradiating. Simply put they are dead food that the human body no longer needs. This article presents two arguments: from the farmers and from the advocates of public health. The farmers insist that they have to feed the animals with antibiotics to keep them healthy and in order to keep pace with the demands of the U.S. consumers for cheap animal meat. Public health advocates on the other hand argue that such practice of farmers is giving breed to germs in animals that are resistant to antibiotic which causes deadly diseases to the consumers. The intervention of the U.S. government in banning the use of antibiotic in animals in the 1970s did not materialize. The FDA has outlined plans to phase out the use antibiotics for non-medical purposes in animals in the coming years has yet to be seen. The author showed why the use of antibiotics in farm animals was approved in the 1950s as well as the research conducted in the 1970s showing the bad effects of antibiotics especially on E. coli bacteria. The strong lobby from farmers and drug makers for the continuance of use of antibiotics such as tetracycline and penicillin after the result of the research was released forced the ruling of the FDA to ban these antibiotics to be ruled out. It will take some time before FDA will take its final stand on banning the use of antibiotics on farm animals. More statistics perhaps showing human deaths related to antibiotic-fed animals? In this article, the author presents the research on antimicrobial coating for liquid and film containers being conducted by Tony Jin at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Jin is

Reasons for applying to Boston University and personal experience Essay Example for Free

Reasons for applying to Boston University and personal experience Essay This is an important point in life that would perhaps provide me with the capacity to develop personal reformation. It is a comparative outlay of the epochs that have defined my life. I am aged twenty-seven with a great affiliation of developing a more rational and attractive imagery that blends me with the capacity of a better societal model. This is an important step however much it came at such a time in my life. However, the same has been catalyzed by the affliction and passive rejection from my family. At my early days in school, my character and personality was never straight forward, an impression that downplayed a poor education qualification. At the plane of the outlook of my family, my siblings have continued to request me go back to finish my education. Occasionally, my grandmother was a special icon in sensitizing a better state of reformation. Her long trailing motivation in completing my studies however came to an end after her death from cancer. This was such a big stumbling block in my future conception at school compounding that I was deeply held at work for helping my family. With such a norm, the transition from working at my age to going back to school remained however difficult. Elsewhere, my family considered it more rational to working than going back to complete my studies. At high school, I was an average student who tirelessly worked hard and managed to get between A’s and C’s. However, my dreams went surging after failing to complete my studies. However, I now want to join your university for adequate completion of my studies so as to achieve such dreams. The conception of developing my character and personality however necessitated my going back to school where I enrolled at Massachusetts Bay Community College. Such a transition was not a simple attribute but its cost equaled great sacrifice and personal contribution. In the due process of recapturing my educational etiquette however, I found myself with a learning disability. This was yet a drawback in the circumstances. This disability went over providing my incapacity to meet the challenge I met when I chose to attend one of the information sessions at Boston University. Coupled with all this life achievements however, I would like to apply for finishing up my education at your University (Boston University) To me, this is a great opportunity that will offer me a chance to have a cementing effect from the personality drawbacks that characterizes my life. Your university is amongst the best in the country with a diverse educational reputation. Either, its adequate perception of a wide flexibility in student learning and environment gives the pleasure to seek admission in this university. I have fountain knowledge in lieu of what the university can offer to safeguard my interest. I am a well-modeled and behaved person who has the capacity of adhering to the required values and requirements in your university. Either, I have a collaborative attribute where I will be adequately able to interact with the various structures and persons in the university. Given the chance, I will understand therefore to have the role and obligation of following the candid stipulations and requirement which safeguards every student’s threshold at the university. I greatly promise to fully abide by the regulatory dispensation which is the basic outlay of interactive limitations with the different parties and structures within the institution.

Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Sales

Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Sales Results show that celebrity endorsement has a large impact on purchase intention and is infact a causal factor based on the data obtained through this research. All three factors are said to positively affect purchase intention and the results are magnified when all three factors are present. It is seen that the most significant impact is that of physical attractiveness if taken in isolation and the most significant impact is that of celebrity / brand congruence when all three factors are taken into account. What this means is that without physical attractiveness, the impact of the other two factors is negated (in the absence of physical attractiveness, purchase intention will not increase) but the presence of physical attractiveness alone does not have a significant impact on purchase intention. Thus physical attractiveness is an important first step but it is not the most important reason for increase in purchase intention. That belongs to brand / celebrity congruence, which is consistent with previous studies on the subject matter: Choose celebrities which have a good image fit with the brand, otherwise the impact of the celebrity endorsement is minimal. The author concludes by stating that all three are important factors in making an impact on purchase intention through advertisement and thus when choosing a celebrity endorser, all three factors must be taken into account. Celebrity Endorsement and its Impact on Sales Jain (2011) proposes that the increase in celebrity endorsement in the subcontinent in recent years, despite the rising costs is due to the increase in media coverage in the area and the increase in hero worship as well. This has been outlined as the major reasons for increase in persuasiveness of celebrities, which in turn has resulted in an increase in their demand by corporations to endorse their respective brands. The research documents the impact of celebrity endorsement with a focus on the subcontinent, making it pertinent to this study. It is queried as to whether the relationship is always positive or whether there can be negative consequences as well. It is noted that for most brands, the focus has shifted from creating awareness and bringing attention towards their brands to a more contemporary approach, which is to create positive associations within the minds of the consumers and to capture a share of mind, share of heart, share of wallet and share of spirit. This is the essence of branding in todays world and as such, all marketing and advertising actions that are conducted are done so with this end goal in mind. The study researches the idea that celebrity endorsement leads to fulfillment of such goals or are they successful only in capturing the attention of the consumer and creating awareness without moving the consumer to the next stage. Celebrities are thought of as a link between the brand and the consumer and help to ease the process of purchase intention and thus it is imperative that the best celebrity be chosen, the one that is right for the brand and has the potential to create the maximum impact on sales as well as brand equity. As pointed out by other studies, endorsement helps brands to deal with clutter and that is the major reason to use celebrities, instead of everyday men and women in advertisement. One of the major decision criteria which helps corporations choose a celebrity is known as the Q-Rating. This Q rating helps brands to select a celebrity based on the rating that they have with the consumers. This rating is derived, based on a number of criteria but essentially boils down to two: who known is the celebrity and how liked is the celebrity. These two criteria form the backbone of the Q Rating system that helps corporations choose which celebrity is the best fit for their brand. The impact of celebrity endorsement is said to be based on 10 criteria, with the greater the score of the celebrity in each criteria, the greater the impact on sales and purchase intention. Celebrity / Target Market Match: How strongly target market associates itself with the celebrity in question. Celebrity Values: The link between the values of the celebrity and the values of the target audience, thus creating a link for the consumers with the brand. Cost of Celebrity: The cost of the celebrity is generally an indication of the popularity of the celebrity and the higher the cost, the higher the popularity, thus the greater the chance of the celebrity persuading consumers. However the cost should always be compared to the added benefit and the go ahead should only be given if its established that there is sufficient benefit from the increase in cost. Regional Appeal: Different regions may have different appeals within a country and if a product is to be sold throughout the country, it is best to choose a celebrity with relative universal appeal. Celebrity Product Match: The celebrity should be seen as having an image fit with the brand itself, as it is one of the key factors when trying to increase sales. Celebrity Controversy Risk: The greater the chances that the celebrity may be involved in controversy, the lesser the chances that he or she would have a positive long term impact on sales and thus should be avoided. Popularity: The greater the popularity, the greater the chances of brand recall and thus they have a high cost. It should be noted that in order to save cost, popularity should not be forgone. Availability: The best celebrities may not be available due to other endorsement commitments or there is a conflict of interest due to them endorsing a rival brand. In such a case, it is best to move on and choose the next best alternative. Attractiveness: Attractiveness helps celebrities be more likeable and to connect more with the target market and as such this is an important attribute to look for in a celebrity. Credibility: This helps the consumers to trust what the celebrity is saying and to pay more attention to him or her and what he or she is endorsing. This research is important as it looks at the factors within the partnership of a celebrity and a corporation and how they increase or decrease their impact on the impact of celebrity endorsement on sales and as such helps to decide how and when celebrities should be chosen as endorsers. Impact of celebrity Endorsement on Overall Brand In order to select a celebrity for a given product, there should be an optimal match between celebrity and brand image. Here are some parameters which should be considered: (Katyal, 2010): Celebritys personal character is not controversial Personal character fits with the image of the product / brand Cost of hiring the celebrity is worth the output Is there any controversy risk attached after the ad campaigns launched Celebritys popularity Is the celebritys appeal local or regional and does it fit with the appeal of the product in terms of region Celebritys overall credibility Is the celebrity him or herself a brand user? What is celebrity profession? Does it matches to have a natural match to the product and appeal to the consumers. For example, celebrity figure from sport is natural to promote sports related stuff and footwear. What values celebrity is associated with the product? If a celebrity is put in a role to propagate the human service cause does he/she be social worker or figure. Does target audience want to believe in the celebrity for the target product to be advertised or message to be conveyed. After advent of television, cable television, and internet, advertisement industry got revolutionized. New trends and format were introduced for rapid and technical way to impress the public and numerous items, products and services became the household names. Television though invented in 1920s became commercial medium in 1950s. This happen when a price of the television sets began to approach affordable range of average person. Print and Radio had to take back seat to give a way to the new technologies. Now the commercials could be broadcasted with sight, sound, and motion. First time in the history advertisers saw huge potential of multimedia technologies which could give higher gains in sales and profits provided right tools and ideas were selected. Cable television channel introduced channels like MTV for young music lovers, ESPN for sports enthusiasts and Food Networks for people with love of cooking. These new channels were attractive and fun for advertisers who wish to target certain audience for example; entertainment, sports, or food (Sample, 2010). Celebrities in Advertising Personal in marketing have used celebrities in commercials, print campaigns and promotions and other seller techniques for years. It has worked in the past because it was executed properly. However, use of celebrities to grab viewers attention to eventually make sales depends on proper celebrity casting. The right selection of star to pitch the product will mean that the buyers can relate to that person the person a buyer would want to believe in. It is not as simple as you think it is because in many cases the right celebrity is not always affordable. On the flip side, the right celebrity is not always the most expensive one either. Above all else, the most important resides in considering whether the celebrity you select is right for your campaign and take the process from there. Another key factors that one must take into account is the fact that advertisers should understand the basic premise of hiring the celebrity and making it clear to him what is required and the nature of the exact role of the celebrity. If this is successful, companies may retain the celebrity for other products of their brand, making the celebrity more of a brand ambassador than a product endorser. Celebrities can be seen as a marketing vehicle that will likely to continue in the near future. As long as there are new stars being introduced into our entertainment arenas there will be no shortage of talent to fill the need. Though, doing the selection and positioning right is the biggest challenge but if done correctly it can translate into better response and higher sales volume. The equity effect of endorsement by celebrities: A conceptual framework The purpose of this study was create a framework which may be later used to organize and guide future research into how celebrity product endorsement creates equity for both the endorsed product-brand and the endorsing celebrity. The focus of Diana Senos study was how the celebrity as well as the brand could serve to increase equity for each other, essentially feeding off each others image to mutually benefit each other. It looked at the relationship between the endorser and the company and how a strategic fit could be achieved by utilizing the best fit of celebrity for the product to be endorsed. The central findings of the research state that celebrity endorsement is a form of co-branding and that both endorser image and brand image serve as mediators in the equity-creation process of celebrity product endorsement. Mobile brands connect with Pakistan Umair Naeem examines the relationship and industry effects of celebrity endorsement on the telecommunications sector. Umair states how the increase in competition has led cellular service providers to resort to differentiating their brands less on the basis of functionality and features and increasingly on the basis of emotional appeal and a certain message that is sent across. Celebrity endorsements are heavily used to drive home the emotional appeal and to personify the message that is being sent across. Using Mobilink as an example he states, Mobilinks sub-brand Indigo relied heavily on two factors toward establishing its brand equity: brand ambassadors that exuded style and sophistication, and a unique classy look that permeate all forms of its Indigo brand communication. Indigo used models such as Zainab Qayum, movie stars like Shaan, and popular musicians such as Strings to infuse style into its branding. It also played on the aspirations of young business professionals through the atmosphere and the locales of Indigos ads. He believes celebrity endorsement is currently necessary to differentiate the brands which are increasingly similar in features and thus celebrities help to personify the brands qualities. The naked truth of celebrity endorsement This research was conducted to understand how celebrity endorsement worked for retail outlets and retail stores in general, with a focus on Europes leading chain, J. Sainsbury. Thus The focus of the study is on using celebrity endorsements for retail outlets. Its emphasis is on fit between celebrity image and brand image. Specific cases are analyzed to evaluate the extent to which consumers associate themselves with the image that the given celebrity projects and how that, in turn affects their purchase behavior Sainsburys started using Jamie Oliver (a high profile television chef) for their advertisement campaign, who served to promote the companys grocery products. He was chosen as he was seen as the best fit for their brand. The case itself identifies the criteria that made the endorsement successful by conducting questionnaires, interviews, and focus group studies. It outlines the key elements along with how they were used in the campaign to create a sense of confidence amongst the consumers and thus creating a successful campaign. The overall extent to which the consumers associate themselves with the celebrity and his words is dissected. Impact of celebrity Endorsement on overall brand Endorsements are seen to be on the rise entailing a valid question posed to consumers. Is there a science behind the choice of the endorsers or is it just by the popularity measurement? Which precise reasons lead to impact on brands by using celebrity endorsement? A thorough study of the paper streamlined a 14 point model which can be referred to as a blueprint criterion by brand managers for capitalizing on the celebrity resource through 360 degree brand communication and can also be used in selection of celebrities. The model was projected as the foundation brick on the impact of celebrity endorsement in paper. Our study revealed that 14 factors of the model and the effects of celebrity endorsement are proportional. Success of a brand is determined through celebrity endorsement which is accumulative of the following 14 attributes. If the below parameters score is higher, the chances of getting close to the desired impact are greater. The winner stories of celebrity endorsement are promotions which reflect a fine fit between the brand and the 360 degree advertising. And a decent example of one such story is of Fardeen Khan and Provogue. In the apparel market, Provogues positioning is of a young, active, party-going, attention-grabbing brand and so is Fardeen Khan. The union between the two has had a massive impact and brand managers have utilized this endorsement through 360 degree dimension as noted earlier. Moreover, the marketing/advertising firms should identify the symbolic properties of the sought after product first, as also proposed by the transfer model. Thereafter, consultation of host celebrities is appropriate to assure their similar traits with the product. Finally, after sorting out budget and availability constraints, the suitable celebrity has to be chosen as a representation of symbolic brand properties. The chosen celebrity will have some meanings associated with him/her which will not be suitable for the product. Consequently, only salient features excluding unwanted meanings should be captured and taken care of.Also, advertisements should also be structured in way to highlight the essential similarities between celebrity and the product. When it comes to subtlety, depth and power in delivering meanings celebrities are much nuanced compared to anonymous models. Celebrities also offer demographic information, configurations of range of personality and lifestyle meanings very thoroughly. Their persona evokes meanings with greater clarity. Furthermore, celebrities through repeated performance on public stage create their personalized meanings which can be passed into advertisements, through meaning transfer process. For instance Preity Zinta is perceived as a fun-loving, vivacious and modern Indian woman who can be translated into brand campaign with similar characteristics. In conclusion, the fit between celebrity traits and brand positions and its attributes determine the success. Celebrity endorsements Marketers need to be aware of the impact of using celebrities in commercials, promotions and print campaigns because it works if done properly. If business are about to make an effective advertisement, it must be attention-grabbing to its consumers and therefore most of them uses celebrities as endorsers. According to the article of Katyal S. (2008), celebrities serves the purpose of getting viewers attention; but proper choice of celebrity determines whether it translates into a sale and product image is delivered precisely. Selecting the right star to enhance the image of your product means finding the person to whom your consumers can relate to, meaning the person your consumer wants to believe in. Sometimes the selection of the right star for your product is not that daunting, until you realise that in many cases affordability is in question with the right celebrity. Essentially due to familiarity with stars, brands are normally endorsed by celebrities who make them enormously attractive to consumers. But anyone who thinks seriously about branding soon realises that there are basically two kinds of strong brands: those that are focused and those that are diversified. Significance of branding with celebrity endorsements is complicated to estimate in the present cluttered media industry and consumer markets. Electronic media branding including television will be of continuing interest and importance even with its idiosyncrasies in consumer payment and brand definition. There are three explanatory reasons for this; firstly a strong brand identity is crucial to producing audiences in a multichannel environment which is an environment that is becoming more and more crowded as television converts to digital delivery. Perhaps it is the only means of gaining a place in a viewers/ users channel repertoire. Secondly, brands are important for businesses to expand its markets. Extensions of brand marry an established brand to a new service as a means of establishing immediate market credibility. Besides that the third aspect explains, branding with the use of celebrities in which it is necessary to leverage corporate assets in order to open new markets. These markets may be related to the present business of a branded entity (e.g., ESPN Magazine, CBS Sportsline website), or if not separate they may be unrelated (e.g., logo apparel and other merchandise, Fox Sports restaurant/bars). With the traditional advertiser supported model of television under increasing pressure, television providers, and especially broadcasters, are constantly looking for new revenue streams to continue enhancing brand image and generate sales extensively. All in all, the power of an endorsement by a celebrity depends on the relevance of the celebrity to the product. For example, if Oprah was promoting a book about an issue particularly relevant to women then she is most likely to be effective. A famous chef can endorse a cook book or a famous fitness celebrity can certify an exercise book. If the buyer believes that the celebrity brings an unusual insight or twist, they would be more interested. In the case of skin whitening products, Lucida-ds and [Met] Tathione should carefully assess their endorsers to avoid business campaign failure in terms wrong brand perceptions and ultimate sale drop. Therefore, it is important to consider the conformity of the product and the alignment of both celebrity and brand attribute to be a market winner. Chapter V: Research Study Design Research Objectives Objectives to be analysed should be crisp and clear in order to observe the effectiveness of the decision for celebrity endorsement. Apart from the economic interests of celebrity endorsements (e.g. rise in total revenue/market share), it involves several psychological objectives. Such as an increased knowledge of the brand name, a more clear representation of brand/product characteristics by consumers, enriched attitude towards the ad, towards the brand and lastly, increased purchase intentions. Celebrity endorsement attributes that increase consumer purchase intention Celebrity attributes that are of most importance when analyzing effectiveness of endorsement Impact of celebrity attributes on brand positioning Effects of multiple celebrity endorsement on brand image Effects of celebrity endorsement on brand equity Factors that affect the consumers willingness to purchase a product or service when endorsed by a celebrity? Research Question: What celebrity attributes affect purchase behavior of Lowe Raufs clients? Hypothesis Celebrity endorsement has a significant / insignificant impact on consumer purchase behavior H0= Celebrity endorsement does not have a significant impact on consumer purchase behavior H1= Celebrity endorsement has a significant impact on consumer purchase behavior. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework has been designed based on the literature review on studies based on this topic. It has been identified through these studies that the following variables combine to form the essence of celebrity endorsement and together, they affect purchase intention. [Source: Chabo Dimed et. al (2005). Celebrity endorsement-Hidden factors to success, Journal of Advertising pp. 298-301] Relevant Variables Variable Article Constitutive definition Operational Definition Attractiveness (Independent) Celebrity endorsements- Hidden factors to success The likeability of the celebrity associated with a product or service with regard to the glamour of the celebrity. Q 17, 18, 19, 20 21 Purchase Intention (Dependent) Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior and Brand Building The ways in which a consumer interacts in accordance with the advertisement strategies run by a company for its product or service. Q12, 13 15 Brand celebrity Fit (Independent) Impact of celebrity endorsements on brands It explains how closely the personality and image of the celebrity matches the positioning of brand. Q 26, 27 ,28 29 Brand Recall (Independent) Advertisement and Promotion It explains how the consumer recognizes the brand with the celebrity who endorses the product or service. Q7, 8, 9, 10 11 Likeability (Independent) Impact of celebrity advertisement on customers brand perception It explains how the charm or glamour of the celebrity affects the sales of the brand. Q 24 25 Trustworthiness (Independent) Celebrity endorsements- Hidden factors to success The celebritys history with the consumers develops a level of trust between the two parties and this is what trustworthiness explains here. Q 22 23 [Source: Chabo Dimed et. al (2005). Celebrity endorsement-Hidden factors to success, Journal of Advertising pp. 298-301] Research Methodology This section outlines and elaborates on the research and how it was conducted. It covers the details of the research design, methodology for collecting the data, population, questionnaire development and data analysis. The aim of the paper is to figure out how celebrity or endorsements affect brands. The basic idea is to equip ourselves with additional research on the phenomenon of consumer response with respect to celebrity endorsed brands; this makes the research a basic research. Since the objective is to find how celebrity endorsements affect brands, this research is termed causal in nature. Data Type The bulk of this study revolves around quantitative data due to the fact that there is greater chance of bias in qualitative data as well as the fact that that numeric data is easier to analyze and understand. Data may be clearly measured and hence this serves as the major portion of the analysis. Quantitative data has been obtained through questionnaires, filled up by employees of Lowe Rauf as well as the final consumers so that both perspectives are covered. Qualitative data is in the form of interviews, two of which are conducted; one with the GM of the Lahore division and another, a joint interview with the account managers of Nestle and Mitchells. Population The study is based on understanding how consumers purchase intention is affected in the wake of celebrity endorsement. Since the study is limited to Lahore, the overall population sample would be equal users in Lahore, which equates to 4,695,600 (based on local census). Sampling Procedure Convenience, non-probability sampling is used for the questionnaire, based on the ease of access and availability of resources for the researcher. The final sample for the questionnaire consists of 30 users (16 male, 14 female) with varying ages, income brackets and occupations. For the interview, as stated, Anwar Kabir (GM Lahore branch) and the two account managers (Haris Habib and Zakria Fawad) are interviewed, based on convenience as well as relevant experience, working within the industry and actually hiring celebrities. Sampling Frame For the purpose of this research, the list of elements upon which the sample is selected from the population includes the fact that they should be easily accessible to the researcher (as convenience sampling is used). The other element of is that at least 50% of the sample should fall into the SEC B income bracket. This is because research shows this class to be the most frequent users of these products. For the interview, the major element (apart from convenience) is that the persons should be experienced in terms of the celebrity endorsement process and must have actually worked on campaigns to select celebrities based on different factors. Data Collection Procedure This research is based on the primary data collection approach. Questionnaires are used for collecting data. Personally administered questionnaires have been used. They were distributed to a total of 30 people of different ages, occupation and income; requiring them to fill a total of 30 questions each. Once the questionnaires were filled they were collected. The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents and their responses has been ensured and data was analyzed at an aggregate level only. Close ended questions are used in the questionnaire which helps the respondents to make quick decisions to choose among the several alternative before them (Sekaran, 2000). The nature of the questionnaire has also helped the researcher to code the information easily for subsequent analysis. Likert-style rating scale was used; it consists of subsequent options: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Different statements were made in the questions and respondents were asked the degree as to what they agree or disagree upon. Questionnaire Development The questionnaire itself was kept simple and basic to ensure clarity and reduce bias. The purpose was to gather data from the selected population sample with regards to the topic. The questionnaire consisted of two parts, the first section contained six questions seeking information about the respondents age, gender, income, marital status, education and occupation. The second section contained questions that were based on information regarding the variables identified in the first chapter, this section itself consisting of five sub-sections; brand recognition and recall, purchase intention, endorser credibility and trustworthiness, endorser attractiveness likeability and image fit. The information attained would be used to analyze the findings and further the study. [Questionnaire attached in Appendix 1] Respondent Profile Data collection from the questionnaires shows that the respondent is a single 18-28 year male student with an income of 30,000-40,000. The other type of respondent is an 18-28 year old housewife with kids and income of 30,000-40,000. [Graphical representations of respondent demographics in Appendix 2] Data Analysis Procedure Once all the data is compiled, it is transferred to SPSS. This is done to understand how purchase intention is affected by the variables outlined in the theoretical framework. Values in the questionnaire are changed to numeric form so that data is quantified. Questions with the Likert-scale rating are given numeric forms, with 1 representing strongly disagree to 5 representing strongly agree. Using this method, the data is input into the software and a regression model is created, along with descriptive statistics and frequency tables. Chapter VI: Results Findings Interview Findings There were two interviews conducted within the Lowe Rauf agency, the first was with the general manager, Anwar Kabir and the second was with Zakria Fawad, the account service maanger. The interviews revealed that it is necessary to prioritize the needs of the firm as well as the agency in light of the budget allotted to the advertisement itself and the portion of the budget available to hire a spokesperson. Since the ideal spokesperson may not be within budget or may not be available due to other reasons, it is imperative that the importance of the key celebrity endorsers attributes be ranked and measured in terms of the impact on purchase intention of the relevant consumer. There were five key attributes that were thought to be important by the Lowe Rauf management, which were: attractiveness, likability, brand fit, trust worthiness and recognition. The order of their importance however is very subjective and it is believed that a more objective means to rank these and other relevant variables, would serve to make better and more informed judgments as to the importance of each variable as per the needs of the client. Hence it becomes important to conduct a regression analysis and quantify the impact of each variable on the purchase intention of consumers within the target customer category. Purchase intention = 0.0461095 + 0.353232* brand recognition and recall + 0.351173* trustworthiness + 0.133718* attractiveness 0.0495677* image fit + 0.21128* likeability The model tested has a coefficient of determina

Application of Developmental Theories to Education

Application of Developmental Theories to Education Part 1. Purpose My classroom will be a place of respect. It will provide an inclusive and safe environment  that will encourage students to learn. Students are to play an active role in their learning and are  also expected to respect each other and the teacher. Our classroom will foster positive interactions with safe and open communication between students and teachers alike. All individuals shall be respected and respectful of the differences of others. Our classroom will become a community of learners encouraging one anothers personal and academic success. In our classroom we will obey all the rules, be respectful, be organized, and create a safe and positive learning environment. All students will do their best and be successful in all they do. Part 2. The Learner Age and Developmental Characteristics Infants and Toddlers Social Physical Cognitive Emotional Attachment: baby  settles when parent  comforts; toddler  seeks comfort from  parent, safe-base  exploration  5 mo: responsive to  social stimuli; facial  expressions of  emotion 9 mo: socially  interactive; plays  games (pattycake) with caretakers   11 mo: stranger  anxiety; separation  anxiety; solitary play 2 yr: imitation, parallel and symbolic, play Newborn: rough, random, uncoordinated,  reflexive movement   3 mo: head at 90 degree angle, uses arms to  prop; visually track  through midline 5 mo: purposeful grasp; roll over; head lag disappears; reaches for objects; transfer objects  from hand to hand;  plays with feet;  exercises body by  stretching, moving;  touch genitals, rock on stomach for pleasure 7 mo: sits in tripod; push head and torso up off the floor; support weight on legs; raking with hands 9 mo: gets to and from sitting; crawls, pulls to standing; stooping and recovering; fingerthumb  opposition; eyehand  coordination, but  no hand preference 12 mo: walking 15 mo: more complex  motor skills 2 yrs: learns to climb up stairs first, then down Sensori-motor: physically explores environment to learn about it; repeats movements to master them, which also stimulates brain cell development 4-5 mo: coos, curious and interested in environment 6 mo: babbles and imitates sounds 9 mo: discriminates between parents and others; trial and error problem solving 12 mo: beginning of symbolic thinking; points to pictures in books in response to verbal cue; object permanence; some may use single words; receptive language more advanced than expressive language 15 mo: learns through imitating complex behaviors; knows objects are used for specific purposes 2 yrs: 2 word phrases; uses more complex toys and understands sequence of putting toys, puzzles together Birth-1 yr: learns fundamental trust in self, caretakers, environment 1-3 yr: mastery of body and rudimentary mastery of environment (can get others to take care of him) 12-18 mo: terrible twos may begin; willful, stubborn, tantrums 18-36 mo: feel pride when they are good and embarrassment when they are bad 18-36 mo: Can recognize distress in others beginning of empathy 18-36 mo: are emotionally attached to toys or objects for security Preschool Social Physical Cognitive Emotional Birth-1 yr: learns fundamental trust  in self, caretakers, environment 1-3 yr: mastery of body and  rudimentary mastery of environment (can get others to  take care of him) 12-18 mo: terrible twos may begin; willful, stubborn, tantrums 18-36 mo: feel pride when they are good and embarrassment when they are bad Can recognize distress in others beginning of empathy Are emotionally  attached to toys or objects for  security Physically active Rule of Three: 3 yrs, 3 ft, 33 lbs. Weight gain: 4-5 lbs per year Growth: 3-4 inches per year Physically active, cant sit still for long Clumsy throwing balls Refines complex skills: hopping, jumping, climbing, running, ride big wheels and tricycles Improving fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination: cut with scissors, draw shapes 3- 3  ½ yr: most toilet trained Ego-centric, illogical, magical thinking Explosion of vocabulary; learning syntax, grammar; understood by 75% of people by age 3 Poor understanding of time, value, sequence of events Vivid imaginations; some difficulty separating fantasy from reality Accurate memory, but more suggestible than older children Primitive drawing, cant represent themselves in drawing till age 4 Dont realize others have different perspective Leave out important facts May misinterpret visual cues of emotions Receptive language better than expressive till age 4 Self-esteem based on what others tell him or her Increasing ability to control emotions; less emotional outbursts Increased frustration tolerance Better delay gratification Rudimentary sense of self Understands concepts of right and wrong Self-esteem reflects opinions of significant others Curious Self-directed in many activities School Aged Social Physical Cognitive Emotional Friendships are situation specific Understands concepts of right and wrong Rules relied upon to guide behavior and play, and provide child with structure and security 5-6 yr: believe rules can be changed 7-8 yrs: strict adherence to rules 9-10 yrs: rules can be negotiated Begin understanding social roles; regards them as inflexible; can adapt behavior to fit different situations; practices social roles Takes on more responsibilities at home Less fantasy play, more team sports, board games Morality: avoid punishment; self interested exchanges Self-esteem based on what others tell him or her Increasing ability to control emotions; less emotional outbursts Increased frustration tolerance Better delay gratification Rudimentary sense of self Understands concepts of right and wrong Self-esteem reflects opinions of significant others Curious Self-directed in many activities Use language as a communication tool Perspective taking: 5-8 yr: can recognize others perspectives, cant assume the role of the other 8-10 yr: recognize difference between behavior and intent; age 10-11 yr: can accurately recognize and consider others viewpoints Concrete operations: Accurate perception of events; rational, logical thought; concrete thinking; reflect upon self and attributes; understands concepts of space, time, dimension Can remember events from months, or years earlier More effective coping skills Understands how his behavior affects others Self esteem based on ability to perform and produce Alternative strategies for dealing with frustration and expressing emotions Sensitive to others opinions about themselves 6-9 yr: have questions about pregnancy, intercourse, sexual swearing, look for nude pictures in books,magazines 10-12 yr: games with peeing, sexual activity (truth/dare, boy-girl relationships, flirting, some kissing, stroking/rubbing, re-enacting intercourse with clothes on) Social Physical Cognitive Emotional Young (12 14): psychologically distance self from parents; identify with peer group; social status largely related to group membership; social acceptance depends on conformity to observable traits or roles; need to be independent from all adults; ambivalent about sexual relationships, sexual behavior is exploratory Middle (15 17): friendships based on loyalty, understanding, trust; self-revelation is first step towards intimacy; conscious choices about adults to trust; respect honesty straightforwardness from adults; may become sexually active Morality: golden rule; conformity with law is necessary for good of society Growth spurt: Girls: 11-14 yrs Boys: 13-17 yrs Puberty: Girls: 11-14 yrs Boys: 12-15 yrs Youth acclimate to changes in body Formal operations: precursors in early adolescence, more developed in middle and late adolescence, as follows: Think hypothetically: calculate consequences of thoughts and actions without experiencing them; consider a number of possibilities and plan behavior accordingly Think logically: identify and reject hypotheses or possible outcomes based on logic Think hypothetically, abstractly, logically Think about thought: leads to introspection and self-analysis Insight, perspective taking: understand and consider others perspectives, and perspectives of social systems Systematic problem solving: can attack a problem, consider multiple solutions, plan a course of action Cognitive development is uneven, and impacted by emotionality Psycho-social task is identity formation Young adolescents (12-14): self-conscious about physical appearance and early or late development; body image rarely objective, negatively affected by physical and sexual abuse; emotionally labile; may over-react to parental questions or criticisms; engage in activities for intense emotional experience; risky behavior; blatant rejections of parental standards; rely on peer group for support Middle adolescents (15-17): examination of others values, beliefs; forms identity by organizing perceptions of ones attitudes, behaviors, values into coherent whole; identity includes positive self image comprised of cognitive and affective components Additional struggles with identity formation include minority or biracial status, being an adopted child, gay/lesbian identity Diversity In every classroom there will be all types of diversities. A few examples of different types of diversity are: students come from all different racial, ethical, and religious backgrounds. As a teacher it is our job to treat every student equally no matter what kind of background they come from. Some students in our classroom may be originally from a different country and may not speak English; but we have to make accommodations to make sure this child can learn and succeed. In our classrooms we will also have students with different learning disabilities. We have to these into consideration when we plan our lesson making sure we make modifications to help ensure the childs needs are being met. Through out the textbook Comprehensive Classroom Management Creating Communities of Support and Solving Problems, the authors Vern and Louise Jones gathered reasearch and wrote about diversity in the classroom in several chapters. Here is the important information that I found that will assist in having a well managed classroom with a diverse student body. When teachers begin a new school year it is important to get to know who the students are. It is important to get an understanding of their background so a teacher can apply this knowledge to their classroom management. The textbook has a quote from Shevalier and McKenzies (2012) review on culturally responsive teaching that shares where classroom management arose from. It quotes classroom management arose from a family-like community defined by a shared vocabulary, with all responsible to one another to do the right thing. By communicating with the students and their families the teacher learns what is and is not accepted or taught at home. Learning what is accepted in their culture will guide the teacher in how to apply the lesson to the class. Students that move to the United States may have different interpretations of gestures and words and it is important for teachers to know this so no students are offended or class is disrupted. Another important area of a students background is where they live. Being aware of students home life and if they live in poverty areas helps the teachers learn to establish a postitive learning environment. The textbook discusses the article A Framework for Culturally Responsive Teaching written by Raymond Wlodkowski and Margery Ginsberg. (1995) It discusses in poverty areas a learning environment has to emphasize intrinsic motivation. The atmosphere that is created has students and teachers respecting each other, making what is taught relavent to the students, having creative learning experiences that include students input, and making students feel that they are effective in learning something they value. Where students live and what cultures they come from are not the only things that cover classroom diversity. Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) teachers are to include students with Kathleen Slamka 3 both physical and learning disablities in the general education classroom. Working with in their IEP team it is important for teachers to make these students feel they are competent to participate in class. They need to be treated the same as the other students and to be an effective teacher you need to consider this and work it into your lesson plans. When becoming a teacher it is important for teachers not to just learn how to teach but understand who they are teaching. Classroom diversity is an important part of good classroom mangement. When a teacher goes that extra mile to become involved in students life then the students will succeed under their care Motivation and High Expectations Causes of Low Motivation in Students Pressure Some students respond negatively to pressure and avoid participation because of fear of failure. They appear not to care but are using this to cover their anxiety. Low Classroom Expectations Teachers having poor attitudes and does not focus on students needs and mutual respect. Lack Of Home Support- Parents are less invloved in the students learning and show a lack of importance toward education. Low income parents- Parents are working more and not home enough to meet childs personal and emotional needs. Parents may not make much therefore students are left with little food and clothes that are worn out or outgrown. Low Self Esteem Students- have low self image and see themselves not capable and tasks to hard for them. They avoid doing tasks for fear. According to our textbook (2016), one of the main components of creating high motivation and expectations is creating a safe, calm, and healthy classroom environment. If students feel like they are safe and cared for, they more than likely will do their best. Students can come from all different backgrounds and home lives and it is our job as teachers to take that worry away from them and make them feel safe and loved at school. Another component is making students feel like they can accomplish anything they set their minds to. Some things that organize our thinking about motivation are: Intrinsic Value, which is a students interest or enjoyment with engaging in a task; Attainment Value, which is when a student feels like they can achieve or accomplish a task; and Utility Value, which is when the students feel like what they are learning and doing will benefit their career one day. Teachers feel that student dont see the value in learning the curriculums taught in the classroom. As teachers, we have to create a learning environment that establishes inclusion, develops attitude, enhances meaning, and engenders competence. We have to create a classroom environment where everyone feels respected and valued including the teachers and students; we have to try our best to create a favorable disposition for learning through their personal relevance, we have to create learning that is challenging, and we need to make students feel like they are learning about something they value. Finally, students that are low motivators need help understanding the value of their learning goals, understand the learning process, be involved in the process, have goals, experience success, self-evaluate, receive appropriate rewards, and experience a safe and well-organized learning environment. Academic Learning Goals Teachers responsibility regarding safety Creating a safe classroom environment is one of the key factors for a successful classroom, and it is very important for the students. A lot of classroom problems can be prevented by creating a safe and positive environment for the students. Research has indicated that when students perceive their relationships with their teachers and peers to be positive and supportive their motivation and positive behavior increases dramatically. Students academics will be enhanced when the teacher takes time to respond to the students psychological and personal needs. Creating a safe environment for students will benefit their social, mental, physical, and spiritual needs. A student will always remember a teacher who took the time to get to know them and cared about them. Alabama Educator Code of Ethics Important Laws for Teachers Bullying Laws Alabama has anti-bullying laws and policies. The Student Harassment Prevention Act was signed by Bob Riley on May 29, 2009. Cyberbullying is included in these laws. According to Alabamas Student Harassment Prevention Act says that research confirms that victims of school bullying and harassment suffer detrimental psychological problems that could lead to suicide, behavioral problems, and lower levels of academic achievement. As teachers it is our job to make sure our students are not being bullied, and if we see bullying to take certain protocols to resolve the bullying. No student shall engage in or be sujected to harassment, violence, threats of violence, or intimidation by any other student that is based on any of the specific characteristics that have been identified by the board in this policy. Students who violate this policy will be suject to disciplinary sanctions. IDEA IDEA is the Individuals with Disablities Education Act. This act ensures services for students with disabilities. They provide special education and intervention to students who need the help. IDEA is a law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities Due Process According to myaea Students first Act was adopted by the legislature during the 2011 regular session. This act imposed a new tenure system and education support professionals in Alabama.Teachers have the right to hear and contest charges that are placed against the before they lose their jobs. Teachers have a right to a hearing and have the right to appeal the hearings findings. Discipline of Special Needs Students According to IDEA, students with disabilities can be suspended or expelled for violating the schools code of conduct. There are some procedures though, the length of time and type of action, the nature of the conduct that led to the action, and whether it is connected to the students disability. These situations are handled case by case. Dress Teachers are to dress professionally and by their schools dress code policy. Every school district is different in what they have their teachers to wear. FERPA FERPA is the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act. It is to ensure that parents have access to their childrens educational records and to protect the privacy rights of parents and children by limiting access to these records without parental consent. Works Cited Page Denton,Paula, Kriete, Roxann. A Conflict Resolution Protocol for Elementary Classrooms. Creducation.Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20081031103405/http://www.responsiveclassroom.org/pdf_files/feature_10.pdf Jones, Vernon, Jones, Louise. Comprehensive Classroom Management Eleventh Edition p. 4, 49-50, 172-174, 298-299. Alex.State.al.us>stop bullying>mode Http://alex.state.al.us/leadership/Alabama_Educator_Code of_Ethics.pdf http://www.Idea.ed.gov http://www.myaea.org Http://www.brighthubededucation.com/teaching-methods-tips/19619-advantages-of-group-work-in-the-class/ Due Process Laws Vary for Teachers by State. (2014, September 23). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/09/24/05tenure.h34.html

Kerrang Magazine Blink182 Article Analysis :: Papers

Kerrang Magazine Blink182 Article Analysis * Blink182 - when they were younger * This Blink182 interview was published in alternative music magazine 'Kerrang' - issue 979 in November and was written by Tom Bryant. It's purposes are mainly to discuss their past, their success and above all their new album ! They tell us how it was almost never made as two years ago they were ready to split. This article is informative and at times quite humorous, 'There are many ways you'd imagine how a conversation with Tom DeLonge might start. Most of them involve a certain level of immaturity, a teenage crack about blow jobs, poop or possibly your mother. A reasoned debate on Californian politics is roughly last on the list '. But it also feels sad as the band recall feeling as though they were drifting apart. I think fans of the band would find this piece interesting. The implied readers would include Blink's fans (usually teenagers), people considering buying their latest album, fans of punk-rock music and people who may just be curious about them. So in general - most readers of 'Kerrang' i.e- people interested in alternative music such as punk, metal and rock. Having read the article through a few times now i have noticed that it differs to previous Blink interviews i have read. As a group they have been out of the public eye for the past two years producing their self titled album. Although Blink are a hugely successful, international band and every young person knows a little about them i dont think there is any evidence of implied reader knowledge. After reading the title page 'But seriously folks...' we know right away Blink have grown up as it describes their old stuff is out and new mature material is the way forward. This feeling of change continues throughout the piece. It feels new, exciting and deep. I dont think this interview was planned, as the guys seem to be relaxed and speak their mind. Which i think helps put their

Rain Forest :: essays research papers

Long ago, the Earth had a green belt of rain forests around its middle that covered almost twelve percent of the earth's land surface.(Miller & Berry 3) Today, the rain forest covers two percent of the earth's land surface and it is declining rapidly. The following will be a description of the rain forest, factors in its destruction, and if there are any answers to slow or halt the process. "Today, as we enter the last decade of the twentieth century, we have reached a turning point; we can no longer use the excuse of ignorance."(Hammond 2) People need to try harder to stop rain forest depletion. There are two major areas on earth where rain forests are located. One of these areas is called "The Old World Tropics," which includes Africa and Asia. In Africa, the rain forests are primarily located around the Zaire river. The other area in which rain forests are located is called "The New World Tropics," which contains Central and South America. The New World tropics are in lower altitudes as opposed to the Old World tropics, which are at higher altitudes. Rain forests are located around the equator. This location of the rain forests makes them warm and humid all year round. There are never cold winters in the rain forests. During winter in the rain forests, people comfortably are able to wear T-shirts and shorts. The rain forest has a rainy season which usually lasts most of the year. "The rain forests of the world are home to more than half of the animal species that live on earth."(CSIRO 1) Many of these creatures are some of the most beautiful and odd creatures in the world, Such as the large rodent Capybara, the Anteater, and many different colorful exotic birds. There are many beautiful creatures living in our Earth's rain forests. Many people are ignorant to the effects of rain forest depletion on our environment, and this ignorance is a major cause in the beginning of the destruction of the rain forests. "Eu ropean settlers exploited the rain forests for timber and cleared them for agricultural purposes."(Parish 4) "The name scrub, which was originally applied to the rain forest by European settlers, became a term for land seen as useless until subject to ax, fire, and plough."(Parish 4) People did not think of the affects on the environment because the little knowledge that was known about the affects was not very widespread.

Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment: Character Analysis Essay

Despite how easy it may be to misconstrue Dr. Heidegger’s intentions for evil, he truly is a kind hearted man with a passion that drives his dedication for the work he does. Dr. Heidegger wants nothing more than to analyze his friends for the sake of experiment. There is no hostility or alterior motive. Before they begin, he states, â€Å"With your permission, therefore, I will merely watch the progress of the experiment.† There is not a clearer way to articulate the intentions he has to observe the effects of the elixir. Dr. Heidegger even gives a fair warning to his friends that they would benefit from this experiment if they went into it with a set of guidelines in order to prevent the repetition of tragedy. Colenal Killigrew, Mr. Gascoin, and Widow Wycherly all see this as an experience while Dr. Heidegger’s excitement lies in the fact that he created a completely original experiment and has the honor to execute it using people he is close to. It is true that from this process Dr. Heidegger learned a very valuable lesson, however, his friends were more than just guinea pigs to him. In his eyes, a lesson cannot be learned without proper steps. This logic should not be confused with the idea that he wants any harm or misery plaved on his subjects. In the mind of a great man of science like Dr. Heidegger there is no hidden purpose to his actions, there is simply a plan, an observation, an analysis, and a conclusion. His morals are unsoiled, there is not much more a scientist needs than a successful experiment.

Claire McCloud Case Assignment Questions Essay

Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation Class Preparation for In-Class Discussion Feb 2, 2013 (Please prepare two page notes to bring to class) Claire McCloud Case Assignment Questions Please read the Claire McCloud case and the other three assigned articles about the management styles of Selina Lo (at Alteon), Andrea Jung (at Avon), and Christos Costsakos (at E-Trade). Prepare a two-page paper (with a word processor) to address the following questions: (Please hand in one copy of the notes at the beginning of the class.) 1. What are the pros and cons of Claire accepting the general manager position of the Fiber Optics division? What issues should Claire be considering in her decision to accept or decline the general manager position? Pros: A.Become CEO of a subsidiary company for Fiber Optics. Gain experience as an executive B.Fiber Optics is important fast growing business C. Cons A.She lacks technical R&D knowledge. B.She has no line management experience 2.List the functional areas of a business; i.e.., finance, R&D, Manufacturing, marketing, and rate each one with respect to the amount of industry specific knowledge that will be required for Claire to do the job effectively (what the company lacks currently) vs. what she possesses. What does Claire need to know about the technology? (You might set up a table to show your assessments.) 3. What are OWS’s strengths and weaknesses? How do they compare with Claire’s strengths and weaknesses? Function How important for the Company Company’s current strength McCloud’s Strength R&D +++ ++ + Production +++ + + Marketing & Sales +++ 0 ++ to +++ Finance +++ +++ +++ Human resource 4. What are the immediate short and long term tasks Claire will need to address if she accepts the job? Lay out a specific action plan for her to accomplish by i) the two months of her new job, ii) by the end of six months, iii) by the end of eighteen months. i)understand issue by informal meeting, and then call formal meeting to confirm issues. Finally report top management. Solve production issues. ii)solve marketing issue by visiting top 15 customers.

Mercedes Benz’s E-Biz Solution Essay

The fact that we would be one of the first car manufacturers in the United States to have a factory delivery program would be seen as a very positive thing in this regard. † – William Engelke, Assistant Manager, IT Systems, Mercedes Benz US International, commenting on the FDRS. Linking Customers By 2000, Mercedes Benz United States International (MBUSI), builder of the high-quality MClass sports utility vehicle (SUV), established itself as a company that also delivered superior customer services. One such service was the delivery option where by the customer could take delivery of the vehicle at the factory in Alabama, US. The program called the Factory Delivery Reservation System (FDRS), enabled MBUSI to create and validate 1800 orders per hour. FDRS also automatically generated material requirements and Bills of Material1 for 35,000 vehicles per hour. The Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution that made FDRS possible was based on Lotus Domino2 and IBM Netfinity3 server4. Analysts felt that with its innovative use of the new program, MBUSI not only managed to improve its customer relations by providing the best service, but also demonstrated its commitment to customers by making them an integral part of the process. Customers were, in a way linked directly to the factory floor – which was a powerful sales tool. Background: Mbusi and its Business Challenges MBUSI was a wholly-owned subsidiary of DaimlerChrylser AG. 5 In 1993, Daimler Benz realized that the ‘Benz’ brand could be extended to wider market segments. Traditionally, Mercedes Benz6 appealed to older and sophisticated customers only. Daimler Benz wanted to attract customers below 40 years of age, who wanted a rugged vehicle with all the safety and luxury features of a Mercedes. Daimler Benz decided to develop a SUV known as the M-Class. It expected strong demand for the new vehicle and therefore planned to build its first car-manufacturing facility – MBUSI – in the (Tuscaloosa, Alabama) US. The MBUSI facility had many advantages. First, labor costs in the US were almost half that of in Germany. Second, the US was the leading geographic market for SUVs. Third, as the vehicles were assembled in the US, they could be distributed to Canada and Mexico more efficiently. In January 1997, the factory started production at partial capacity and by the end of the year, it was producing at full capacity. By 2000, the factory was rolling out around 380 vehicles per day. The new M-Class „allactivity’vehicle represented a new concept for the company. Also, mass customization required that each vehicle be treated as a separate project, with its own Bill of Material. To deal with these challenges, Daimler Benz decided to implement an enterprise wide Information Technology (IT) system, with the help of IBM Global Services7. To further strengthen the image of Mercedes Benz in the US, MBUSI planned to deliver vehicles at the factory, becoming the first international automobile manufacturer in the US to do so. MBUSI also wanted to enrich the customers’experience. Commented William Engelke, â€Å"The factory delivery option gives Mercedes-Benz customers something that they do not get from other automobile manufacturers which is why we think the program will resonate with our customers. We think that having the factory delivery program available to Mercedes customers adds to the overall experience of the customer. † The Design of FDRS The FDRS program was proposed in the first quarter of 1998. In the third quarter of 1998, MBUSI entered into a contract with IBM. A development team was constituted with IBM Global Solutions specialists and IBM e-commerce developers, who worked closely with MBUSI. The program became operational by the first quarter of 1999. The IT team at MBUSI had a clear set of functional specifications for FDRS. However, they relied on IBM to transform the concept into an e-business solution. The FDRS was designed in such a way that customers buying the M-Class SUV could specify that will take delivery of their new vehicle at the factory. They could place the order at any of the 355 Mercedes Benz dealers in the US. An authorized employee at the dealership entered the factory delivery order the web interface. Timing was the most important aspect of the FDRS’functionality, as it was closely linked with MBUSI’s vehicle production schedule. Mercedes Benz United States of America (MBUSA)8, based in Montvale, NJ, was the first link in the FDRS program. It was the point where the dealer actually placed the order. MBUSA’s role was to coordinate the distribution of vehicles to dealers across the country. Later, it had to add the order to the company’s Baan Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)9system, which scheduled the order for production. About three months before the production date, the dealer could schedule in a window, the date and time of arrival of the customer at the factory for delivery. The window was then automatically computed by the FDRS to give the dealer, the possible delivery dates. Apart from the delivery date, the customer could also specify the accessories for the car and also request a factory tour. FDRS was based on Lotus Domino (Refer Exhibit I), Lotus Enterprise Integrator10 and IBM Netfinity servers. It also interfaced with IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server, Model 9672-R45 located in Montvale, NJ (Refer Figure I). There were two Domino servers – an IBM Netfinity 5500 and an IBM Netfinity 3000. FIGURE I SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF FDRS Source: MBUSI The former that acted as the „internal Domino server’was placed behind a firewall 11. It replicated databases through the firewall to the external server. The replication, which was encrypted, represented the primary means by which the FDRS system achieved security. Netfinity 3000 acted as an „external Domino server. ‘It had public information and was also the primary communication linkage for dealers. The ack-end of the FDRS was equipped with an Oracle database that updated the internal Domino server database with order information. The updation was done using Lotus Enterprise Integrator. The data which was replicated to the internal Domino server included lists of valid dealers and lists of order numbers. When an order was placed by the dealer on the FDRS system, the data was first stored on the external Domino server, a fter which it was replicated to the internal Domino server. Then it was replicated to the back-end database via the Lotus Enterprise Integrator. Data replication between the Lotus Notes servers happened every 15 minutes and data exchange with the back-end database three times per day. There was also a link between the back end database and an IBM S/39012 mainframe based system located at MBUSA via a T113 line. MBUSA managed the flow of vehicles to Mercedes dealers across the United States. This mainframe based system, received new vehicle orders (as opposed to factory delivery reservation requests) from individual dealers. The orders were then sent to MBUSI’s Baan system and also to the back-end database. The vehicle ordering and factory reservation data were coordinated with each other when the back-end database uploaded the data to the internal Domino server. This coordinated the production and delivery information. FDRS Implementation One of the most challenging aspects of the implementation seemed to be the complexity of the Lotus and Domino scripts. The development team had to group all the information from diverse systems. Commented William Engelke, â€Å"There was a substantial amount of very complex coding involved in the FDRS solution. This application involves a lot more than having our dealers fill out a form and submitting it. There are many things the servers have to do for the system to function properly, such as looking at calendars and production schedules. We built a solution with some very advanced communication linkages. † IBM faced many technical challenges during the implementation of the program. One of them was the different timing schemes of the Lotus Notes databases and backend databases (ERP). This led to discrepancies in the data. Domino server was a Near Real Time (NRT) Server14, and MBUSI’s backend activities were both real time15and batch processing16. Also, to get the best results, the Domino server was an optimised subset of the ERP table set17. However, the development team achieved a balance between the two „sides’of the solution by focusing on issues of timing, error detection schemes, and alerts. Customer Satisfaction: FDRS Primary Benefit MBUSI seemed to measure FDRS’success in terms of increased satisfaction of its customers. The company also believed that the marketing and customer satisfaction aspects outweighed the significance of more traditional cost-based benefits. Apart from the factory delivery experience, the program also offered the customer a factory tour and ride on the off-road course at a low cost. The company also seemed to gain strategic marketing benefits from the FDRS program, as it was able to establish Mercedes-Benz as a premium brand. (Refer Table I for advantages of FDRS in different areas). Customers could also visit the various tourist spots in Alabama after picking up their M-class vehicles. TABLE I ADVANTAGES OF THE FDRS PROGRAM AREA Strategic Marketing Benefits Cost Savings ADVANTAGES FDRS was expected to improve customer satisfaction and brand loyalty, as it enriched Mercedes’ customer’s experience. The program also strengthened the brand image of Mercedes in the US. Development of a web-based solution enabled MBUSI to offer the factory delivery program at substantially lower costs, due to less reliance on administrative personnel. â€Å"Package Marketing† the FDRS program with a ride to tourist sites, enhanced the image of Alabama as a tourist destination. The creation of a similar – albeit smaller – factory delivery system to the European Customer Delivery Center in Sindelfingen, Germany, reflected favorably on the MBUSI business unit. Source: MBUSI Regional Economic Development DaimlerChrysler AG Future of FDRS In 2000, MBUSI planned to leverage FDRS’platform by adding a range of other services. MBUSI built an advanced platform to create communication links to its suppliers. Through the link, MBUSI provided them feedback on the quality of supplies it received. The dealers and suppliers had a user-ID and password, which the system recognized. It then routed them into the appropriate stage of the FDRS. The company also planned to extend the innovative system to include transactional applications such as ordering materials and checking order status on the Web. The company expected that the new system based on FDRS, would be more cost-effective than the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)18 system. ] Bill of Material keeps track of all raw materials, parts, and subassemblies used to create a finished product. 2] A product of IBM Corp. , Lotus Notes and Domino R5 are the industry’s leading client/server combination for collaborative messaging and e-business solutions. 3] The IBM Netfinity server offers solutions for file-and-print and application computing needs. 4] A comput er or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. A database server is a computer system that processes database queries. 5] DaimlerChrysler AG was the result of a merger between two leading car manufacturers – Daimler Benz of Germany and Chrysler Corp. of the US in 1998. 6] A luxury brand of passenger cars, Sports Utility Vehicles from DaimlerChrysler. 7] IBM Global Services is the services and consultancy division of IBM Corp. that offers extensive ebusiness solutions. 8] MBUSA is the wholly owned US subsidiary of DaimlerChrylser. ] ERP attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments’ particular needs. 10] A server-based data distribution product that enables data exchange between Lotus Domino and a number of host and relational applications. 11] A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. 12] The IBM S/390 servers offer direct high speed access to the e-business application and are used for Enterprise Computing. 13] A dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1. 544 Mbits per second. A T1 Line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64 Kbits per second. Each 64 Kbit per second channel can be configured to voice or data traffic. 14] The NRT Server System supports real time distribution of near-real time data. 5] Real time refers to events simulated by a computer at the same speed that they would occur in real life. 16] Executing a series of noninteractive jobs all at one time. The term dates back to the days when users entered programs on punch cards. They gave a batch of these programmed cards to the system operator, who fed them into the computer. Usually, batch jo bs are stored up during working hours and then executed whenever the computer is idle. Batch processing is particularly useful for operations that require the computer or a peripheral device for an extended period of time. Once a batch job begins, it continues until it is done or until an error occurs. Note that batch processing implies that there is no interaction with the user while the program is being executed. 17] The ERP tables are the database tables, (thousands of them), on which the package is built. The programmers and end users must set these tables to match their business processes. Each table has a decision „switch’that leads the software down one decision path or another. 18] EDI connects all the suppliers in and out of the US. www. icmrindia. org/free resources/casestudies/Mercedes Benz-IT&Systems-Case Studies. htm