Classic Knitwear Essay

Classic Knitwear, founded in 1995, began production of a unique line of unbranded casual knit apparel. Included in their product line were such clothing as T-shirts, sport shirts, sweatshirts and other wearing apparel. Although the company saw exceptional revenues as of 2005, they still felt that they were not meeting certain criteria when it came to their gross margin. They sought to increase their gross margin, currently sitting at 18%, to that of a more comfortable number of 20%. To combat this issue, Classic Knitwear decided to team up with Guardian, a producer of odorless repellant protection against bugs, and combine their fortes into a line of clothing infused with the bug repellant technology. These new products would hopefully to rise the gross margin to the 20% they were hoping to accomplish. The non-fashion casual knitwear market consisted of products that range from casual t-shirts to even underwear. Within this industry, it can be divided into two categories, those manufacturers who brand their products with their name and those companies who choose not to brand their line of products. On the branded side of the industry, Classic competed with three major brands. These brands were JamesBrands (which accounted for $4.5 billion in revenue from sales), Flowerknit (which accounted for $1.25 billion in revenue from sales), and Greenville Corporation’s TopTops Division (which accounted for $630 million in revenue from sales). These branded labels competed on the level of private- labeled businesses. On the other side of the industry, Classic competed with one company in terms of unlabeled products. B&B Activewear were major competitors as they generated $590 million or 23.6% market share, which made them a leader in the market. Although not directly involved within this sector, Jamesbrand, Flowerknit and Greenville Corporation’s TopTops Division still were involved with Classic on this level. Distribution channels are essential when it comes to the wholesales of these companies products. 90% of the product distribution from these companies go directly to two distinct types of retailers. Almost 50% of these sales are accounted for from mixed retailers, such as Wal-Mart and Kohls, who sell clothing as well as wide variety of other products. The other 40% is sold towards clothing specialist retailers, such as Gap and Brooks Brothers, who only specialize in the selling of clothing related products. The remaining 10% of the distribution channels contained bits from non- grocery retailers, home shopping, internet retailing and direct selling to the customers. In order for manufacturers to compete for retail business, they used a variety of strategies in order to gain attention from these retailers. Some of these tactics involved prices, variety of products, and efficiency of delivery. Classic Knitwear, since its inception, has been a simple manufacturing company whose focus is on creating and distributing unbranded casual knit apparel which includes T-shirts, sweatshirts and fleece like products. Unlike other companies that chose to have expensive products which carried prestigious fashion labels, Classic decided to venture away from them and focus on products that were categorized as non- fashioned knitwear. With this strategy, Classic accounted for $550 million in revenues from domestic sales. They have also decided to sell only in the United States, as foreign markets were too much of a risk that could have negative consequences. 75% of this revenue came from the selling of their products to wholesalers, who in turn, resold the Classic clothing to screen- print channels which customized the products with logos and images. Ortiz and Chong decided to concentrate on this pathway because it offered the fastest growth potential than trying to sell like ordinary retailers. As a result, Classic Knitwear had established itself as the #2 seller in the market, accounting for 16.5% of the market share. Classic generated the remaining 25% of their revenues from mass retail channels under private labeling. Classic would sell their products to retailers such as Wal-Mart and Dollar General and would be carried under the name of the retailer or through a house brand that was developed by the retailers themselves. In fact, these two retailers accounted for 57% of those revenue sales. To help accomplish such high revenues, Classic had to achieve low production costs throughout the entire company. To ensure that such goals were obtainable, Classic established state-of-the-art production factories that were situated off shore, mainly in the Dominican Republic. Being situated not in the United States allowed them to have much lower production costs than those produced domestically. Although other companies had also set up production factories in other countries, Classic was able to have a slight competitive advantage over these other companies. What helped them keep this competitive advantage was a high volume- low SKU (stock keeping unit) strategy. This ensured that they would produce high quantities of products without the large variety of products that other companies had. As of 2005, Classic felt that it would never reach their goal of 20% gross margins through various controlled labels or tie in promotions. However, Classic Knitwear had an epiphany which could potentially shoot their gross profits to levels that they would feel satisfied with. With the rise of the West Nile virus across the Americas, more and more people were looking for ways to prevent the transmission of the diseases. Classic thought it would generate the attention of customers to produce a new line of clothing that would be infused with chemicals that would be able to repel insects that carried the West Nile virus. With the help of another company, Guardian, who specialized in insect repellants, they would be able to create such a line of products. The reason that they chose Guardian was due to their flagship repellant, have established them as one of the top producers in insect repellant. The products would consist of a short and long sleeve T-shirt, a Men’s polo, and a Men’s fleece. Along with the production of these chemical infused clothing, Classic was targeting males 18-35, seeing as these individuals would most likely be outside during times when insects are active. The initial investment of such a line could cost about $10 million, which would help to generate 50% unaided awareness across the United States. In order to get the needed awareness of their product out to the public to ensure increased gross margins, Classic relied heavily on marketing. They had studied how other brands that were selling similar brands of insect repellant clothing and how they were successful, establishing themselves into small niche markets. Based on those already established companies, Classic decided to sell their product lines to retail stores with cardboard displays housing the different styles of shirts. On the outside of each of the boxes would display pictures of outdoor related activities that would promote the proper use of each shirt. Some of these retail stores would be outdoor related stores such as Bass Pro Shops and L.L. Bean. Classic wanted to have 10,000 displays in stores over the next 2 years after the product line was to begin production. To help get these displays in stores, they offered discounts on the sale of T-shirts if the store agreed to have a display in their store. Classic, with the production of these chemical infused shirts, could have a possible juggernaut to help generate sales, but there could be other possibilities that could help them reach their target gross margin of 20%. One alternative would be to not produce the new line of shirts, relying on frequent customers to help generate the extra sales to gain the extra gross margin. Another possibility would be to vertical integrate with one of the screen-pressing companies that create the logos which are later screened onto the sold shirts. By integrating, they could possibly cut unnecessary costs that would also help create higher gross margins. Lastly, another possible alternative to this problem would be to establish a brand of clothing that is positioned near the high labeled brands. They would have to compete with the big three companies with sales, but could possibly steal sales away from them to help establish themselves. Classic Knitwear was set with a problem of what to do to try and earn more in their gross profits. To solve such case, it would be recommended that they continue with the production of these insect repellant shirts. With the outbreak of the West Nile virus and outdoorsmen wanting styled brands to wear, this idea would help to generate the sales need to raise the gross profits. Based on Consumer.com surveys, it was concluded that there was a strong desire for such a product, especially one whose clothing was made out Classic’s materials. In the end, the continuation of this line would help generate the extra gross margin they had hope to gain.

Amadou Diallo Essay

Social cognition is the study of how people form attribution or judgments about themselves and the social world from the social information they received from their environment (Chapter Review, 2010). However, it was discovered often marked by apparent errors and biases. People make quick judgment based on their past experiences, hence at times leading to tragic endings. The Amadou Diallo case study was an example of the tragic error which was made by four New York City Police officers. The police shooting of an unarmed man was an act of automatic inferences which happens when people use mental shortcuts to simplify the amount of information they receive from the environment. Automatic thinking is known as the thinking that is unconscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). While, schemas are mental structure people use to arrange their information regarding the social world around themes or subjects: schemas affect what information we notice, think about, and remember (Chapter Review, 2010). During the incident February 4, 1999, Carroll had made a low-effort automatic thinking with schemas when Diallo reached into his jacket to get his wallet by assuming that Diallo was reaching for a gun in his pocket, and shouted â€Å"Gun! † to alert his colleagues. Officer Carroll’s action was due to his natural instinct or response as most criminal would reach into their pocket for gun during the detection of police officers. He had use schemas to form an expectation of the event in which made him to expect a gun pulling out of Diallo’s jacket rather than his wallet. As he attends to his schema-consistent knowledge: criminals would pull out guns from their jacket when they spotted police officers; his schemas filtered out any inconsistent information: Diallo reached in his jacket to get his wallet; had caused the NYPD officers to fire at Diallo. Besides that, there are also a few theories or concept under automatic thinking with schemas that had shown relevance to the Amadou Diallo case study, such as, accessibility. Accessibility is the ease with which schemas can be brought to one’s mind (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). The four police officers had practiced accessibility when they saw Diallo ran up the outside steps toward his apartment house doorway at their approach, ignoring their orders to stop and â€Å"show his hands†. When they saw Diallo ran after they claimed to have identified themselves as NYPD officers, they might assume that Diallo was the serial rapist they were searching for, as logically a serial rapist or a criminal would ran when approached by police officers to avoid getting caught. The ease of the thought that criminals would run when they spotted police officers, had made the four police officers to identified Diallo as a criminal, although that was not the truth in Diallo’s case. As a result, a firestorm had unfortunately occurred. Furthermore, the four police officers had practice priming in this case study. Priming is the process which related to recent experience that made schemas or concept to come to one’s mind more readily (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). For example, when Officer MeMellon fell down the steps, appearing to be spot, the other three officers might assume that Diallow had fire a gunshot towards Officer McMellon hence causing him to fell down those steps because they had linked it to their recent experiences of gunshot and thought that Officer McMellon had been spot and that Diallo had shot him with his gun. As one would logically fall back when shot. Perseverance effect was also shown in this case study. Perseverance effect is known as the tendency for people’s beliefs about themselves and their world to persist even when those beliefs are discredited (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). When the four NYDP officers thought Diallo matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist, it might be due to the fact that Amadou Diallo was an immigrant to the United States and the four police officers could have the belief that immigrants are the major causal crime increment in the Unites States. Hence resulting the police officers to think the worse out of Diallo when he ran and even though he was reaching into his jacket to get his wallet, the police officers had persisted that the square object had been of a firearm although in logical terms both wallet and gun do not share the same shape and size. On the other hand,people also tend to use mental strategies and shortcuts to organize and make sense of their social world, especially when they are lack of full processing time, lack of solid information to use for decision making, information overload, or when the issues are not important to them (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Mental strategies and shortcuts help people to make decisions easier and allow them to get on with their lives and not turn every decision into a major hurdle. Four NYDP officers had practise judgmental heuristics when they made judgments about Diallo. Police officers thought Diallo had matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist. This might be because that Diallo was a dark skin immigrant which had logically matched the description of the serial rapist leading officers to made a quick decision so that they do not need analyse in detailed and make a major hold-up over the matter. Furthermore, the four police officers also did performed availability heuristic in this case. Availability heuristic is a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to their mind (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). During the incident, Diallo had been mistaken that he was reaching into his jacket to get his firearm whereas he was actually reaching to get his wallet. Officer Carroll had shouted â€Å"Gun! † to his colleagues. His judgment might be due to his ease with which he can bring to his mind, which in this case, was automatically thinking that Diallo’s wallet was a gun, hence warned his colleagues about the matter. Attitude heuristic is the determination of what is â€Å"true† based upon an individual’s feelings towards or for a matter (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). The four police officers also had carried out attitude heuristic towards Amadou Diallo. For example, these police officers might dislike Diallo because he was an immigrant or ‘black’ person therefore assuming that Diallo’s intention, plan, or doings would also be bad too. This caused Diallo to be misinterpreted to be a criminal trying to escape from police detention rather than his true intention, which was believed to initially intend to show the NYPD officers his identification card in his wallet before he wrongly shot. Besides theories and concept of automatic thinking with schemas, the Amadou Diallo case had also displayed a few relevant theories of social perception. During the incident, the four police officers had displayed the attribution theory. Attribution theory is a description of the way which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behavior (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). It is because that Diallo had run up the outside steps of his apartment after they claimed to identified themselves as NYPD officers, and that he had reached into his jacket, the police officers have made a cause and effect explanation towards Diallo’s behavior hence assuming that he was a criminal or the serial rapist they were searching for, therefore Diallo had run up in the attempt to escape and when he reached into his jacket for his wallet, they thought that he was reaching for his gun to defend himself. Due to this theory, it made sense of he reason four police officers have assumed that Diallo was a criminal and they had to fire back Diallo. All this might be due to the attachment of meaning they decode from Diallo’s nonverbal behavior. In addition, the fundamental attribution error was also shown in the incident when the four police officers have focus on Diallo’s action to run and reached into his jacket, rather than the situation causes of his action, which was intending to reached into his jacket to get his wallet to show the police officers that he was innocent when he was approached by the police officers and asked to â€Å"show his hands†. Fundamental attribution error is known as the tendency to overestimate the extent to which a person’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors, one reason people make fundamental attribution error is because the observer only put their attention on the actor, while ignoring the situational causes of the actor’s behavior (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Furthermore, Diallo had also displayed the spotlight effect in this case study. The spotlight effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which our actions and appearance are salient or clear to others (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). When Diallo had reached into his jacket to get his wallet, he might had assumed that the NYPD officers know or understand what he was doing, which in his case, was the probability to take out his wallet and show them he was not the criminal or man they were searching for. However, the four police officers were not aware of his action hence assumed that he has a gun, hence fired at Diallo. Moreover, police officers had also displayed the aggression objects as cues concept during the shooting event. Aggression objects as cue is an aggressive stimulus that act as an object that is associated with aggressive response, and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). The aggressive stimulus in this Diallo case is the guns that the police officers possessed. When the police officers had encountered a threatening or violent stimulus, they were more likely to â€Å"shoot† regardless of what stimulus actually appeared (Baumann & Desteno, 2010). Due to the possession of firearms, the four police officers had the higher possibilities to response aggressively towards Diallo, hence the gun act as the object that associated with their aggressive response. Without the firearms that the four police officers possessed, the act of aggression towards Diallo would decrease therefore the firestorm would not have happened. According to Correll et al. (2002), it was found that participants’ performance shown difference regarding race of the targeted person. When a decision making process was time limited, participants had made more errors shooting unarmed African American targets than unarmed White targets. Whereas, participants had made more errors not shooting armed White targets than armed African American targets. In other words, participants were more likely made errors evaluating African American targets as threatening compared to White targets. This means that because Diallo was a ‘black’ immigrant, it increases his rate of being shot. This is an act of stereotype as because Diallo was a ‘black’ immigrant, they assumed that he might be a criminal, hence the police officers thereby increasing the likelihoods for certain interpretations and ensuing actions during the crucial moment, resulting them to mistaken Diallo’s wallet as a gun, hence shot him. In another words, it is like the Arabs possess guns, resulting in more frequent mistaken â€Å"shootings† of Arab men within the context of the shooter bias paradigm (Unkelbach, Forgas, & Denson, 2008). There are also group prejudices that had been displayed in the Amadou Diallo case study. The four police officers had shown prejudice against Diallo because he was a dark-skin immigrant, hence they have ordered him to stop and â€Å"show his hands† without confirming whether he was the serial rapist they were searching for. Seeing the suspect holding a small square object, Officer Carroll yelled â€Å"Gun! † to alert his colleagues, believing thatDiallo had aimed a gun at them at close range, the officers opened fire on Diallo. Diallo was a West African immigrant with no criminal record (Cooper, 1999). It was clearly shown the act of prejudice towards Diallo, whom was misunderstood or misinterpreted just because of his race. Furthermore, discrimination was shown in the Amadou Diallo case when the four NYPD officers had opened fire to shoot Diallo without proper investigation on his identity and the square object that he was holding during the incident. The action carried out by the four police officers was unjustified and harmful towards Diallo because he was a West American immigrant in the United States. Finally, illusory correlation was also shown in the Amadou Diallo case. An illusory correlation is the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). When Diallo ran up the outside steps of his apartment and pulled out his wallet, the police officers had correlated his action to a criminal’s doing hence leading them to assume that he was a criminal ready to open fire at them in short range. These two events are distinctive and hardly correlated. Because Diallo was a West African immigrant, therefore the police officers correlated the two events together, causing Diallo his innocent life.

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Research Paper

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - Research Paper Example The notion of disillusionment is a characteristic of his life, but not in such a pronounced way as Gatsby or even his friend, Tom, and indeed, most of the major characters of the novel. Nick is from the US Midwest, but travels to New York in order to learn the bond business.[Fitzgerald 8]. It is worth noting that his profession is in many ways the very back-drop to the roaring twenties. It was the era of extreme prosperity brought about by healthy stock-market which would eventually crash and in turn, be a main catalyst and cause for the Great Depression. Nick moves into a Long Island community known as West Egg where his next door neighbor is Jay Gatsby – the main protagonist of the novel and of course, the source for the title of the work. The theme of disillusionment is typified in the character of Nick on a number of levels. First, his pursuing a life in the 'East' is the most general area that defines most of the action of the novel, but is proclaimed in the end as a mist ake: â€Å"After Gatsby's death the East was haunted for me like that, distorted beyond my eyes' power of correction. So when the blue smoke of brittle leaves was in the air and the wind blew the wet laundry stiff on the line I decided to come back home.† [Fitzgerald 140]. As narrator, the story is seen mostly through Nick's eyes. So, he is the figure who interprets for the reader, the decadence of Gatsby's life, the shallowness of the characters – such as the affair that Daisy carries on with Gatsby and the affair that her husband carries on with Myrtle, and finally, the conflicts most of the characters have over their pursuit of wealth and the emptiness of its acquisition. The emptiness of acquiring wealth and status is unquestionably one of the constant themes of the book. In many respects, it is embodied in the figure of Daisy Nick's cousin and her husband Tom: â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy--they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money of their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made† [Fitzgerald 142]. One of the core plots of the work concerns Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy. Initially he had met her when he was a young soldier in Louisville before going to Europe to War. While she promised to wait for him, she wound up marrying Tom because of his wealth and because her family approved of the relationship. In other words, she gave up a relationship built on passion for a life of security – however much she carries a lot of disdain for her husband, Tom. Gatsby's life is probably the most disillusioned compared with all of the characters. Gatsby is from a poor family, and when he met Daisy as a young soldier, he lied to her about it because of the shame and also the insecurity of feeling that she would not like him if he didn't have that type of foundation. In a sense, he was right about the latter part given th at Daisy does decide to marry Tom because of the security element. Gatsby goes to extreme lengths in order to reverse his fortunes. And, this involves both legitimate but also illegitimate business interests. He is involved with organized crime which is something that reflects the era of prohibition, but also, something that reflects the extremes that he is willing to go to in order to obtain Daisy. This is not a line that Nick crosses for approximately the same goal. The disillusionment of his pursuit is articulated in the following: â€Å"

History of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of the United States - Essay Example His leadership during the Great Depression besides having utter joblessness natives won the confidence of his subjects. This is because he instituted the policy of banks’ closure that persisted for 100 days to shun the incidences of people losing their homes and enterprises. Studies especially those of Zinn contend that the uprising of democratization the fuelling emanated from the diversity in societal strata (Zinn 10-22). This entailed unequal treatment of the blacks and other races that formed the oppressed society by the whites who were the elites. Primarily, this was after the arrival of the Columbus in the N. America prior the importation of servitude meant to work in the plantations and factories. Hence, resulting to human and dignity degradation that prompted the oppressed to seek their emancipation via unions instituted then to relief the people. Oppression entailed low wages and even enslavement especially by the Southerners where even after the declaration regarding servitude abolition some slaveholders were too reluctant to consent. Additionally, the severity of factory oppression, plantations and mines continued to the 20Th C, which was the great awakening of the masses (Zinn 123). They desired equal treatment like the white; claiming the relation amid them was more of deprivation than that of safeguarding human dignity. This was mostly in the last quarter of the 20Th era where its actions almost characterize the Zinn’s argument even to the current. Upon becoming the president, FDR ordered heavily taxing on the wealthy so that the state would relief the underprivileged by gaining their economic stability. This marked the true source of democracy besides other events triggered later by civil rights’ agitators, for illustration, Malcolm X. Steps to full democratization emerged with the Americans and other natives starting to believe in themselves where they sought all possible ways of their emancipation. This entailed mind emanci pation prior resulting to the physical one, especially abolishing segregation that was evident amid the states. America prior the democratization era, it endured severe segregation where the Southerners compared to other citizens could not enjoy similar rights in public like their white counterparts. This yielded to severe and active retaliations by the segregated group, which entailed the use of diverse ways by the civil rights’ leaders. Southerners and numerous people who encountered segregation devised diverse rights’ movements meant to agitate for their privileges. According to Zinn were mainly farm workers who besides facing discrimination their wages were low, until civil activism came to their aid. This entailed even religious-based associations spearheaded by icons like Martin Luther King. His initial debut was during Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) where the incidence lasted for 382 days. The incidence emanated from Rose Parker declining to offer a seat to a whi te man, which brewed uproar that culminated to her arrest. Learning of this, Martin organized nonviolent demonstration where the blacks declined utilizing the public transport, which yielded to immense funds loss especially to the buses’ owners. Since then, Martin continued to advocate for peaceful disobedience to the harsh laws that segregated Negros and offered the

Marketing Communications. Dramatic changes Essay

Marketing Communications. Dramatic changes - Essay Example To be able to satisfy customer's wants and needs it is necessary to consider the marketing mix of the product or service the company is providing. The marketing mix involves four marketing strategy areas, namely product, price, promotion (The marketing communication and place). In marketing, the "four PS" determine how a product is made or a service provided, how much it costs, where it is distributed and how it is presented in all company's communication. Keller (2001) contends that, the role of marketing communication in modern business practices has been identified as a key factor in survival in modern day business. Companies like Sony, Tesco, Volvo, BMW, McDonald and a host of others have increasingly used the four Ps as a competitive weapon. As part of the search for business effectiveness the entire process of marketing communication is being approached in a comprehensive and unified manner where by all activities of business communication functions in unison. This approach is called Integrated Marketing Communication. This is a relatively new concept in management. It is engineered to harness all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, promotion of sales, public relation, and direct marketing in a highly focused manner eschewing the former tendency of these departments to function in isolation.Competitiveness in business the world over is so acute that survival is possible for only those organizations, which are ready to employ every possible means to increase profit by reducing cost in production, while remaining uncompromising in quality and aggressive in marketing. The account of the phenomenon of Integrated Marketing Communication by Aaker, Batra & Myers (1992) constitutes a fair working explanation of the phenomenon Having said this so far, in the remaining part of the paper, using Sony as a product and at the same time a company I will outline the key characteristic of the target audience, the communication strategies used with the impact of its marketing strategies. 1.1 Sony and the Four Ps I have chosen Sony as my institution under case study. Focusing on Sony is based on a number of important advantages. Sony is a global leader in the electronic industry, it activities have been benefited in almost all the continents. "The influence of words over men is astounding." -- Napoleon. As the whole world gears for peace, marketers and other business people talk in terms of war. We see battle words everywhere in business: Japan bashing, corporate raiders, hostile takeovers, cola wars. Marketing is war (Duncan 2001). With the advent of events, ordinary business executive fancy themselves as warriors. Aggressively attacking weak companies, and defending market shares. Positioning products in people's minds and making them attractive to market segments requires careful formulation of the marketing mix. Getting the right blend of the product, promotion price and distribution is essential to put the carefully carried out analysis into operation. The aim is to portray an image for the product or service that will match with how one wants the product to be visualized in people's mine (Keller 2001, Duncan 2001) Table 1:A summary of what constitute each of the Ps of the 4Ps Product Tangible products Psychological attributes Quality Services Benefits and features Packaging Styling Image Branding Customer service After care Guarantees Image Pricing Selling price Price positioning Distributor margins

Exploratory Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploratory Research - Essay Example Case study is a method employed in qualitative exploratory research. Qualitative research involves assessing the human or social issue, and then reporting the result in comprehensive words instead of producing quantified data. According to a definition, "Qualitative case study can be defined as an intensive, holistic description and analysis of a single entity, phenomenon or social unit. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive and heuristic, and rely heavily on inductive reasoning in handling multiple data sources" (Merriam, 1988). This above definition explains that the case study method analyses rigorously, information of one few single group, organization or event. In this method, a detailed study of a situation is carried out which is somewhat similar to the main topic of the study assignment. The reader’s perceptive of the event under research is enlightened and provides the researcher with intensive data. Case studies are helpful in explaining the holistic description of a sample’s view. It is also useful when the researchers want to attain qualitative in-depth analysis of a particular event. The use of the case study varies according to the demand of the researcher. Psychobiography is the detailed investigation into the lives of important historical personalities with psychosomatic hypothesis and investigations. Its motive is to attain a clear understanding of the person and to discover the personal intention behind the open actions. In Psychobiography, the writers spend hours penning down the complex, confusing, secretive and creative lives. Psychobiography involves immense research and intelligence. A good psychobiography is one that covers each fact with several supporting data any sources. â€Å"Best psycho biographies leaves the reader feeling ineffably won over† (Schultz, 2005). Some of the eminent personalities penned in many psycho biographical books include Hitler, Freud, Gandhi,

Java Programing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Java Programing - Assignment Example Java is also simple in that software that can run in small machines can be constructed in java. This feature in java enable clean definition of of interfaces and makes it possible to provide reusable software. Object orientation focuses on the design on the data or objects and on the interfaces to it. Java language has an extensive library of routines for easily coping with TCP/IP protocols like Http and ftp. This allows java application to open and access objects across the net via URLs with the same ease the programmers are used to accessing a local file system. Java is a very environmentally flexible language since it can be easily run in multiple operating system. An interface can be multiply-inherited and they can be used in a more flexible way than the usual rigid class inheritance structure. Java one can compute a data type name and have it trivially dynamically linked into the running system. By making interconnections between modules later in the execution of the program, java will completely avoid problems and make the use of object-oriented paradigm much more straightforward, Libraries can freely add new methods and instance variables without any effect on their clients. Shows a set of use cases and actors (a special kind of class) and their relationships. Use case diagrams address the static use case view of a system, these diagrams are important in organizing and modeling the behaviors of a system. The goal of the use case is to identify all the features that the users of the system expects the system to support, but it does not reveal any details about the implementations of these features. The system can be run in systems from windows XP that has MS_Access as the database management software. The hardware minimum hardware requirements of the system that will be used to implement the system are Pentium II and above. Ram of -1gb and at-list a hard disk capacity of 20gb. This are the images in the system that users will upload

Human Resource Development Plan for Glaxo SmithKline Company Case Study

Human Resource Development Plan for Glaxo SmithKline Company - Case Study Example â€Å"Along with the changes in manufacturing processes and priorities came the realization that the necessary flexibility could be best achieved through skilled workers with knowledge of the technical aspects of production, as well as the abilities to attain maximum effectiveness within the company† (Byrne, 1999, pg1) According to Rouda and Kusy, the definition of HRD is "organized learning activities arranged within an organization in order to improve performance and/or personal growth for the purpose of improving the job, the individual, and/or the organization" (1995, 1). As the trend in the industry is again slowly shifting from the ‘industrial age’ to the ‘information age’ it has become ever more important to capture all the benefits that a sound Human resource Development plan brings. Amongst other things, it helps you create a satisfied, loyal and committed workforce that is intrinsically motivated to give their best performance. It also helps you in countering the complexities of human nature and helps your employees navigate life situations with would otherwise impact your organization's goal-seeking endeavors. HRD is also an organization's best chance to acquire, evaluate and retain its best performers. Through careful monitoring of the organization culture and the employees who have the ability to enhance it or improve from it can separate and focus on the ‘best’ employees. By nurturing their skills, an organization will benefit from their combined knowledge, experience and ideas as well as maintain a core workforce which can help in training and recruiting similarly talented people. This concept has become even more crucial with the latest trends in the worker lifecycle; no longer are there ‘jobs for life’- people require more than just job safety and monetary benefits from their employers, they need a sense of involvement, accomplishment, job flexibility, additional perks and to feel  committed to an organization's goals.  

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation - Essay Example Needs are the basis for the drives which is in turn seeking the attainment of certain set of incentives. A physiological or a psychological imbalance in a human leads to the creation of need for something. For e.g. need for water when a person is thirsty. However, a psychological need can also arise without any known deficiency as well as imbalance. For e.g. a person having a strong need for progress may move from success to success. Similarly in the case, employees of the cafe had certain needs which make them derive to achieve an incentive. However, with no interactions from the owners and no further incentive employees are highly de-motivated. Drivers or motives prompt individuals to attain their goals and satisfy their needs. A physiological drive is a condition which causes a person to work in a particular direction. Both physiological and psychological drives push an individual towards achieving a certain goal or accomplishing a certain task. For e.g. need for food and water is transformed into the drives of hunger and thirst. Anything that can motivate a need and decrease the intensity of drive is called an incentive. When a person obtains the incentive, the strength of the drive is reduced and physiological or psychological balance is restored. The owners of the cafe do not understand individualized problem of their employees. This is the root cause of all the motivational problems at the cafe. For e.g. in the case study it can be seen that the owner Simon had employed his own younger sister Penny Philips in the cafe. She had just completed her French Degree and wants to travel for finding a job as a translator. Now even her problems are not addressed by the owners even though one of them is her brother. This is the level of negligence that had been given to the cafe by Simon and Karen. Another reason for de-motivation of employees in the cafe is that by working they are just fulfilling their Physiological needs and there any other need is not being ful filled. The theory of hierarchy of needs by Maslow is often displayed in the form of pyramid. The most basic needs are shown at the lowest level of the pyramid whereas comparatively complex needs have been located at the top of pyramid. Needs that are at the bottom of pyramid are classified as basic physical requirements which include the need of water, sleep, food and warmth. As long as the needs of lower level are not met, the hierarchy does not move to the higher level, and once there lower level needs are met, people tend to move towards the next level in the needs hierarchy, which are known for safety and security. Humans have the common need to be respected and having self-esteem as well as self respect. This need is also known as belonging need. The esteem of a human presents his normal human desire that needs to be accepted as well as valued by others. Different people have need of engaging themselves for gaining recognition and having an activity or set of activities that g ives the person a near sense of contribution, of feeling accepted as well as self-valued, both in a profession and hobby. Now in the cafe these needs of employees are not being fulfilled which is acting as a de-motivating factor for them. Part 2 The owners will have to motivate its employees to stay in the job including finding a replacement for Penny. Simon and Karen needs to make this cafe a learning organization for its employees. Organizations constantly endeavor to make

Restaurant Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant Comparison - Assignment Example TGI Fridays also uses the service but it can be seen that the company strongly relies on the services that are offered by the workers. 2. For McDonalds, this servicescape has a positive influence on customer perceptions of the overall service experience given that it is designed to reflect the organization’s way of doing business. The service is designed in such a way that it portrays the company as unique and offering special products that cannot be matched by other competitors. Focus is put on the burgers that are offered by the company. on the other hand, TGI Fridays specifically focus on the core aspects that shape its business such as fried chips and chicken. 3. Physical characteristics such as color, lighting, shapes and sound in each servicescape significantly influence the customer’s experience. Essentially, the whole service is mainly designed to appeal to the senses of hearing as well as sight such that the customers can experience something new as soon as they visit the premises. The motion pictures are colorful and they appeal to the interests of the customers since they have been designed in a captivating way. 4. Both restaurants use state of the art equipment in order to attract many customers. The furniture is carefully designed and the floors are tiled in different styles such that they look attractive to different people who may happen to visit the places. McDonalds offers drive through services and these are very convenient to the customers. 5. McDonalds uses the servicescape as a differentiator in that it helps the workers to improve their performance. For instance, through the use of video, the employees are in a better position to see what is happening in every corner of the restaurant. This can also help the workers to respond quickly to the customers. Fridays on the other hand uses this particular service to improve the efficiency of the employees in their service delivery. The employees have a clear view of

Hrm Pqhrm Essay Example for Free

Hrm Pqhrm Essay Link is a leading pharmaceutical company which has the head office in Colombo and also there are 7 branches all over the island. Over 200 workers are employed and Mr. Ravi Fernando is the training manager who has over 10 years experience in this field. He handles all the product training and also for training ,the company is known to spend heavily. These training included overseas training amp; other out sourced training programs. However , when new CEO Mr. Dylan Perera Joined the company Ravi Fernando had to justify this big amount of training cost and he was asked to provide a detailed report. He tried his best but he was failed in the same. CEO Dylan Perera wasnt satisfies as Mr. Ravi was not able to prove worthiness of his training programs at all. He has no any written records or at least the members couldnt explain what therere gained from the training. It was totally failure. Anyway Dylan is prompted to the forthcoming training schedule for 2009. My role as a consultant would be to identify * The key issues in the case that could have caused this situation * What has Ravi missed in his role as training manager and how that has led to the current problem * Suggestions and strategies which could be implemented In my report from here on it can be found recommendations and suggestions which can be implemented. 1) The key issues in the case that could have caused this situation Care-Link is a leading pharmaceutical company and Mr. Ravi Fernando is the training Manager of Care-Link. Ravi has done a great job in training and development of the company but it failed. The training outcome was not up to expectations. That is the biggest question. Issues in the case that could have caused this situation is as follows, * Spend a lot of money In this case Mr. Ravi spend a lot of money on training programs without onsidering whether those trainings are useful for the employees and effective for the success of the organization or not. Even though some aspects might not be measurable, there are measurable ways to determine if the money was spent wisely. Organizations have traditionally treated training as a cost and expense. When training has a sufficient payback, it can be viewed as an investment, not an expense. We have to identify the training need well and then to design the training program because it’s a huge waste if we spend a lot on unnecessary training programs. Before spending time and money, its better to follow a systematic process to first determine if training is a potential solution – and if it is, then we should develop a training program. Company should spend money on training wisely and that means making sure that there is a real need, that there are training objectives in place and that the learners will actually use what they have learned, immediately, back on the job. Then, your investment in training can actually pay huge dividends. That’s why in this case CEO Dylan Perera prompted to request a total plan for training initiatives before he approves any money for training during the year. * Objectives (training goals) set by the trainer, rather than the trainees Training objectives should set by both trainers and trainees up to their expectations. Here in this case Mr. Ravi decides on his own who are to send outsourced training and who are handling by himself. Effective trainers should be good communicators. He should have discuss with the employees before he sets the training objectives. Care Link’s practice was just to be nominated by the training division for training program actual need of the training should come up in the employees end due to gain a new knowledge or to fill a gap of required competence. Here the employees don’t have any opportunity to rise up with their own requirement of trainings. If the employees too have that opportunity it would be much easy to training division to build up training calendar and the budget on that to fulfill the real requirement of the raining. * A failure to identify the specific needs of employees and for employees to own their own development needs. Training is not the panacea to what ails every worker or every company. It is incorrect to assume that the problems facing every organization can be cured by â€Å"providing training. † In fact, only continuous learning, not training alone, can have an impact upon workforce productivity, but for a company to be successful in its learning interventions, it must know what it wishes to accomplish, give the proposed intervention time, energy and resources it needs to succeed, and ensure that there is a strategy into which the intervention will fit. Finally, there must be reinforcement, performance monitoring and evaluation. An identified training need pinpoints an area where change is required. Learning objectives specify what a person will be able to do differently as a result of training. The clearer the picture of what you want to achieve in a training session, the easier it becomes to plan the means and the greater the prospect of achieving success. Ineffective training adopts a scattergun approach, rather than pinpointing the target. Effective training designs are characterized by objectives which state clearly what the trained person will be able to do when back in the workplace. No accurate method to evaluate the training program In this case there was no specific method to evaluate the training program. When CEO asked the training manager Ravi, to justify the high training expenditure during the year and show more accurate proof other than a verbal explanation, he was failed to prove it because he never know an accurate method to evaluate the training program. Because companies have made large d ollar investments in training and education and view training as a strategy to be successful, they expect the outcomes or benefits related to training to be measurable. Therefore * To identify the program’s strengths and weaknesses. * To assess whether content, organization, and administration of the program contribute to learning and the use of training content on the job. * To identify which trainees benefited most or least from the program To gather data to assist in marketing training programs. * To determine the financial benefits and costs of the programs. * To compare the costs and benefits of training versus non-training investments. * To compare the costs and benefits of different training programs to choose the best program. Training programs should be evaluated. (see Attachment 01 for Evaluation Process) * Little or no support is given from upper management. The essence of a training need, then, is a gap between what exists and what is needed in order to meet or exceed the customer’s demands. One of the best payoffs from needs analysis is management involvement in training. Managers must play an active role in the diagnostic process and have a sense of ownership of the training event which results. When training is conducted at arm’s length from management, little can change. * No record on expenditure. There should be a record on overall expenditure of the training programmes. It should refer to the overall administration of the program. Cost could be classified in two areas, fixed cost like Trainer’s salary and accommodation cost and the variable costs like Training Material, venue and the necessary arrangements at the venue, food or snacks, transport and installation of training r equipments even though the variable cost is hard to measure it’s a must to measure the cost for the training to maintain the balance of the expenditure. Here the training Manager has failed to justify the high expenditure during the year 2008. That is due to the poor cost managing and not budget the training needs for the year ahead. Training budged which is setting in the beginning of the year should be accurate and well defined. 2) What has Ravi missed in his role as training manager and how that has led to the current problem Training managers have the primary responsibility of working with line managers to identify and meet personnel training needs. The training manager should establish training and entry-level requirements for key training positions and implement programs to select and develop training personnel. The training organization should exhibit a strong desire to meet the training needs of the line organization in both its approach to day-to-day activities and its long-term strategic planning. The training organization should help line managers, supervisors, and personnel recognize that training strengthens personnel and facility performance. A training managers supporting responsibilities may include the following, * Maintain training programs current. * Monitor instructor performance to verify training is conducted as outlined in approved training materials and in a manner that motivates personnel to learn. Verify that the training staff has obtained and is maintaining their technical and instructional knowledge and skills. * Develop training programs according to approved methodology. * Track training commitments to outside organizations such as the state and federal regulators, and assist line management in meeting these commitments. * Develop training program and trainee status reports for line managers, and assist line managers in identifying and resolving human performance issues. * Track current industry training issues. * Solicit line managers involvement when training commitments or needs are not being fulfilled. Work to establish mutual trust and cooperation between the training organization and all facility personnel. * Develop improved methods to meet training and facility objectives and goals as required. * Develop training policies that establish guidelines for all training functions. * Assist line management in identifying potential training needs based on facility and industry operating experiences. * Initiate and help prepare long-range objectives for the training organization that are consistent with corporate, facility, and training policies, and develop a system for verifying implementation of the actions needed to meet the objectives. Training managers should verify that employees participate in training and that training meets the employees needs. Here in this case there was no proper policy of training and development it’s the training managers duty to suggest a training policy for the organization. Mr. Ravi should have discuss with the top management about to make a good policy of training on behalf of the employees who needed the training. Training policies and procedures should support the accomplishment of the training mission, goals, and objectives by providing general guidance and detailed directions. Policies typically describe the conditions that guide the decision making process (i. e. , thoroughness, prudence, openness, and responsiveness). Procedures describe how specific tasks will be accomplished. And also The training manager of Care-Link Had no confidence with his training programs. When the CEO Dylan Perera was not satisfied with just verbal remarks and pushed Ravi to show more accurate proof on what he says, this was pressurizing Ravi to an extent that he was even thinking of leaving the company. This is because of his lack of confidence. Effective Training Manager should have good Confidence on what they train. Managing a training department offers a variety of roles that uncovers natural abilities and potential, while offering specific areas for development. Mr. Ravi Fernando as a experienced person in the pharmaceutical field , might be assuming him as a excellent facilitator of Training programs ,that why he himself handled all the products trainings but he should have understand as per the changing marketing requirement everything has to be changed by and by to meet up the market requirement. Should have seek opportunities to advance somewhere, and develop the strategic plan in accordance to that and then it should be linked the Training plan. Training Manger should be open minded to improve his skills or knowledge in areas which is related to the business and to the training requirement. Training Manger should be Responsible, reliable and accountable, ethical and able to instil a clear sense of purpose in others, Here in the Care Link people doesn’t get a chance to request trainings to fill their competency gaps, and the accountability wasn’t there as the case study views that Mr. Ravi himself failed to explain on what he has done in last year. If Mr. Ravi’s Character has heighted as a Problem solver, dealing with practical, people and problems, they would meet up best results than this. And of cause excellent consultancy skills should be there in his character as a training manager but case study not view any of the situation he has conducted due to understanding the internal customer requirements.. 3) Suggestions and strategies which could be implemented Care-Link company faced a lot of problems due to Ravis misconduct in his training programs. To make training and development more effective within your organization. Following suggestions and approaches will make companys employee training more effective and transferable; their application will result in measurable differences to organizations bottom line performance. * Make sure the need is a training and development opportunity. Do thorough needs and skills analysis to determine the real need for employee training and development. Make sure the opportunity you are pursuing or the problem you are solving is a training issue. Create a context for the employee training and development. Provide information for the employee about why the new skills, skill enhancement, or information is necessary. Make certain the employee understands the link between the training and his job. You can enhance the impact of the training even further if the employee sees the link between the training and his ability to contribute to the accomplishment of the organizations business plan and goals. Its also important to provide rewards and recognition as a result of successful completion and application of the training. Provide training and development that is really relevant to the skill you want the employee to attain or the information he needs to expand his work horizons. You may need to design an employee training session internally if nothing from training providers exactly meets your needs. Or, seek out providers who are willing to customize their offerings to match your specific needs. It is ineffective to ask an employee to attend a training session on general communication when his immediate need is to learn how to provide feedback in a way that minimizes defensive behavior. The employee will regard the training session as mostly a waste of time or too basic; his complaints will invalidate potential learning. * Favor employee training and development that has measurable objectives and specified outcomes that will transfer back to the job. Design or obtain employee training that has clearly stated objectives with measurable outcomes. Ascertain that the content leads the employee to attaining the skill or information promised in the objectives. With this information in hand, the employee knows exactly what he can expect from the training session and is less likely to be disappointed. He will also have ways to apply the training to the accomplishment of real workplace objectives. * Provide information for the employee about exactly what the training session will involve, prior to the training. Explain what is expected of the employee at the training session. This will help reduce the persons normal anxiety about trying something new. If she knows what to expect, she can focus on the learning and training transfer rather than her potential discomfort with the unknown. * Make clear to the employee that the  training is his/her responsibility and he/she needs to take the employee training seriously. She/he is expected to apply herself/himself to the employee training and development process before, during, and after the session. This includes completing pre-training assignments, actively participating in the session, and applying new ideas and skills upon returning to work. * Make sure that internal or external training providers supply pre-training assignments. Reading or thought-provoking exercises in advance of the session promote thoughtful consideration of the training content. Exercises or self-assessments, provided and scored in advance of the session, save precious training time for interaction and new information. These ideas will engage the employee in thinking about the subject of the session prior to the training day. This supplies important paybacks in terms of his interest, commitment, and involvement. As the Care link in a serious situation in having a proper Training and development policy, better to have climate survey among the employees of the company, which will provide all the information on the expectations and thoughts of the employees, then as per the requirement of internal and external customers the training division can buildup training policy. Policy statements and procedures should be developed on topics such as the following, * Analyzing tasks, designing and developing training materials, implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of training activities. * Identifying personnel qualification and training needs according to position descriptions, job assignments, previous education, training, and experience * Assessing the level of expertise of subcontract personnel and temporary employees performing work at the facility. * Pursuing job-related education activities. * Handling of individuals whose performance is marginal or unsatisfactory during training (i. . , remedial training) * Describing training department and line organization responsibilities for the training and qualification of facility employees. * Incorporating into training lessons learned from facility and industry operating experiences. * Conducting consistent training and evaluation in the classroom, laboratory, simulator, and on-the-job training. * Co mmunicating between training and line managers (e. g. , curriculum committees, peer review groups) * Maintaining training records of personnel training and performance. * Controlling and administering tests to maintain evaluation integrity. Training and qualifying instructors. * Scheduling of training activities and determining makeup requirements. * Maintaining control of training equipment. * Exceptions. * Facility evaluation criteria. * Vendor short courses or use of vendors for training. Training procedures should describe the types of training and training programs to be conducted, training program prerequisites, and the training audience. The procedures should clearly indicate the training needed for each job position and the sequence in which it is to be completed. The procedures also may reflect the facilitys division of labor policies, position descriptions, and work assignment practices. CONCLUTION It is incorrect to assume that the problems facing every organization can be cured by â€Å"providing training. † In fact, only continuous learning, not training alone, can have an impact upon workforce productivity, but for a company to be successful in its learning interventions, it must know what it wishes to accomplish, give the proposed intervention time, energy and resources it needs to succeed, and ensure that there is a strategy into which the intervention will fit. Finally, there must be reinforcement, performance monitoring and evaluation. Company should spend money on training wisely and that means making sure that there is a real need, that there are training objectives in place and that the learners will actually use what they have learned, immediately, back on the job. Then, your investment in training can actually pay huge dividends. Effective training and development helps employees to reach their full potential whilst providing the organization with the skills and capabilities it needs for the long term.

Early Cells Essay Example for Free

Early Cells Essay 1 Hypothesis If you soak an egg in vinegar, then the shell will deteriorate and loose centimeters off of its circumference. Data and Observations Time (hrs) Observations Circumference (cm) 0 1. The egg is whole, and has not lost color. 2. The egg was immediately surrounded by bubbles. 3. 14 cm 4. 24 1. The egg appears to have a little bit of color missing. 2. The egg remains firm. 3. 15.5cm 4. 48 1. The eggs shell is beginning to disappear. 2. The shell of the egg is cracking all around. 3. 16 and  ¼cm 4. 72 1. The shell is completely gone, leaving a thin membrane that surrounds the yolk. 2. The egg itself looks flimsy and appears transparent. 3. 17cm Conclusion: Be sure to answer the following reflection questions in the conclusion of your lab report: 1. How much did the egg change in size? (answer should be in centimeter) The eggs size changed by 3 centimeters. 2. Was your hypothesis correct? Why or why not? My hypothesis proved to be correct because the eggs shell did, in fact, deteriorate. 3. Evaluate the lab and data collected. What type of transport occurred in this lab? Explain your answer, including evidence from your experiment to  support your explanation. The type of transport that took place in this lab was active. I believe this is true because the particles moved from an area of higher concentration (vinegar), to an area of lower concentration (the egg). 4. Consider how lettuce or spinach placed in water becomes firm and crisp. Use what you have learned about cell membranes to explain this observation. Lettuce and spinach become firm and crisp when placed in water because the cells absorb the water, and in turn makes the lettuce/spinach bloated with water. 5. If you were to continue this experiment by removing the egg from the water and covering it in syrup, what do you think would happen. Explain your prediction. (If you choose to test your prediction, be sure to allow at least 24 hours before making your observations. And, of course, handle the egg very carefully!) If I were to put the same egg in a syrup solution, I believe the thin membrane that remained would break because passive transport would take place.

Can Child Toys Create Problems?

Can Child Toys Create Problems? Every child has a favorite toy bought or custom made by parents or older siblings, if that is not the case a replica from the available objects in a childs environment. Traditionally toys such as dolls were made from clay, wood or wax, airplanes from paper and cars from malleable cable. All these were materials could be obtained from nature or the environment easily. However, all this has changed with post-modernity and urbanity. With post-modernity comes capitalism, which has industries invent products that will fetch huge sums of money from the populace. Artificial substance has seen its way in production of ample toys to cater for the increasing demand. Technology has also found its way into the childrens objects, as they are available with real movement and voice hence making them popular for children. Toys are important in children growth and very dear to them a reason they clutch to them at all times. In addition, parents in a bid to provide sufficiently for their children invest heavily on toys to make their children happy. Nevertheless, the very toys parents rush to in stores to keep up with the latest fad can be harmful to children. Children develop physically, socially and emotionally. Childhood helps determine character for an adult. An adult with a questionable character must have acquired it in childhood. This happens when parents overwhelm their children with toys that create social and emotional problems. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries present the world with postmodernism, which has families living in cities. Cities, unlike the rural areas have limited playing fields owing to the fact that developers are always coming up with commercial buildings. Similarly, cities are full of activity on the outdoor therefore making it unsafe for children to play. Pollution, unsafe road usage by drivers and crimes such as kidnapping make it difficult for parents to let their children out for play. These circumstances of city life have contributed to the popularity of modern toys, which according to Goldstein are efforts to curb bodily harm. Recreation activities for children move inside the house a thing that has led to the growth of technological toys. These toys allow for private recreational activities (5). In the past, without the hustles and bustles of city life children could enjoy play with friends an alien occurrence for todays children who live in isolation. Isolation of children n ot only impedes speech but also makes the child to be timid unlike children who play outdoors (Liz Hollis, The Guardian 16). Such children never learn the value of sharing by interacting with other children. Toys not only serve the purpose of enjoyment but also education. However, some of the toys chosen may impede originality and thoughts. Television as an object of entertainment has children glued to the screen passively watching the creativity of others rather than manufacturing their own fun (Cambre and Hawkes 13). This has the effect of children not thinking on their own and having the television dictate their thoughts. Therefore, the teachers have a difficult time in teaching such children. Computers and computer games also give the same effects of lack of originality. Parents on the other hand, feel pressurized by advertisers to invest in electronic toys that according to Lucy Ward are not specifically advantageous in education (The Guardian). Parents who just buy toys because they are on sale instead of looking for the benefits they bring to a child is an impulse buyer and may pass on the value of extravagance to the child. In addition a customer society is created by television which advertises for toy companies. Parents are held culprits of responding to each technological innovation in order to please their children. Similarly, computers as toys render the children to attend to obscene material through the internet. This is because parents leave their children in the refuge of toys as they are busy earning a living. Consequently, children fall culprits of unlawful dealings such as child trafficking, abuse, child pornography, theft and abduction. This is because chi ldren are inexperienced in the proper use of the internet. Other toys such as guns and dolls have effects on behavior and emotions. Cambre and Hawkes argue that, research over the course of many years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has shown aggressive play can and sometimes does lead to violent behavior (18). This could only mean that any time a parent buys a toy gun for his/her child there is a possibility that the child at some point will exhibit brutality. Other traits such as despair and compulsion to drug abuse also emanate. Similarly, dolls shape the dreams of young girls who would want to be petite and attractive as seen in Barbie the doll (Cambre and Hawkes 17). Consequently, children will abstain from eating to maintain a slim body figure. This also explains why teenagers suffer from disorders such as anorexia. Girls inspired by the Barbie doll will obviously suffer from low self-esteem should their body size increase. On the other hand, children form inactivity from watching television and playing computerized games, such children can become obese. This is due to the fact they have no activity that bring them to physical exercise all they do is eat, sit, be simulated and not think. The other social problem presented by toys has to do with stereotype of gender roles. Girls often have toys with a kitchen setting or dolls, which they nurture while the boys have cars, shooting video games or racing cars. These stereotypes also affect careers where girls believe they should be homemakers while boys explore in fields that require masculinity and aggression. Feminists argue that gender-free play is essential if girls are to grow up realizing they can pursue any career they choose in adult life and if boys are to realize that making a home is a shared endeavor (Goldstein 21). This therefore calls for parents to buy their children a variety of toys to enable them to experience different gender roles. The divide on gender roles is not the only accomplishment as toys also bring about a class divide of the haves and the have-nots (Cambre and Hawkes 21). Rich parents can always spoil their children into having any fad toy while struggling parents will have their children possessing old and broken toys because they do not have the money to move with the trends. The divide is visible when children bring their toys to school and this may contribute to low self-esteem in children who do not have trendy toys. According Donahoo, parents with autistic children are in pains to get money to invest in an ipads to aid in development of their children even though the gadgets do not work to provide development (Wired Magazine). This clearly shows that the technological toys are not items that every parent can afford. Children whose parents cannot afford will have to make use of alternative development techniques. Unlike in the past where a child held a single toy dearly because it took a lot of energy and material to make one. Today children have toys spilling all over the house. Once it gets broken, it can always be replaced. In fact, a child can intentionally destroy one in order to get a new and trendier one. Such children make up for the adults who are money-oriented (Goldstein 21). These children may grow to despise children from poor families. The problems caused by modern toys are mostly social in nature and very few are emotional. Other problems created by toys are pollution. The artificial material making the toys mainly plastic cannot decompose. Therefore, when disposed on to land the soil does not aerate properly hence making it not suitable for cultivation. In addition, materials manufacturing toys and the wonderful colors used on them could be harmful for ingestion. Parents should pay caution when making purchase to ensure the material and paint are not harmful. Every technological progression comes with both advantages and disadvantages. Childrens toys are one such advancement that we should embrace as well as scrutinize to ensure that the children are learning while having fun. To counter for the social, emotional and environmental problems caused by childrens toys parents must take an active in being present during play. This is in order to encourage creativity and imagination, which lacks in the use of modern toys. Children should also be encourage to play outdoors where they play while enjoying nature and learning about it. For example, a visit to the parks will not only help children to interact with others but also creative play can come up such as hide and seek. Children also need assurance from parents on their uniqueness in form and character hence they will avoid falling prey into the internet evils of sexual abuse. Furthermore, their self worth should be defined by parents assurances instead of toys. Children should be encouraged to read or read to stories as reading makes the mind active in imagination. Play should not a whole day without a break as this will help the child think of the next activity in plan hence making the mind active. Modern toys are result of continued advertising from televisions that make parents attend to the messages and heed to them without questioning the impact involved. The television continues to play its role perfectly at the expense of innocent children. It is therefore the obligation of every parent to make sound judgment when buying the next fad toy in the market. The parent should also practice using it to find out what impacts is had on him/her before releasing it to the vulnerable child. Toys should be bought according to age to ensure that the specific needs of the child are met. Parents should in addition invest in a few toys to test how that effects on the child and thereby prepare the child for the eventualities of life. Finally, the culture of homemade toys should be renewed to allow for creativity. Clay is fun to work with and it will have children making their own designs that describe the world as they see it.

Print vs. Preaching in the Spread of Protestant Ideas Essay -- Religio

When considering the spread of Protestantism, it is essential to look at the role of printing and preaching. First, looking at printing, there is definitely a correlation between the rise of print and Protestantism, however print was only a substantial industry in countries like Germany, France and Italy, and even there, printed materials were only accessible to a literate minority. Second, the role of preaching must be considered, in spite of accusations by historians such as Susan Karant-Nunn, that it didn’t have a clear message and developed incoherently, this essay will argue that preaching via sermons and focusing on scripture was still as effective as pre-reformation sermons, as Luther and Calvin were very good orators. In addition, preaching was not just confined to the pulpit, oral communication among the general public, and the memorisation and recitation of catechism (the summary of the principles of Christian religion in the form of questions and answers, used for r eligious instruction ) also helped to spread the Protestant ideas. A key factor when looking at the spread of Protestantism is the use of printing during this period. Luther, shortly after his Ninety-Five Theses (1517), during the 1520s, used pamphlets to spread his message and ideas around . It is clear by using the printing press Protestant ideas could be spread to a wider group of people from within Germany, to the rest of Europe and this â€Å"created a new reading public, who seized eagerly on the reformers’ ideas to form a large-scale ‘public opinion’† .There were also further implications as Andrew Pettegree and Matthew Hall point out â€Å"[the printed book] was absolutely paramount in first creating public interest in the controversies surrounding Luther, the... ...6) pp. 19-20. Pettegree and Hall p.801. Ibid 804. Pettegree p.11. Scribner and Dixon pp. 19-20. Ibid p.18. Pettegree p.17 and p.23. Ibid p.19. Ibid p.20. Pettegree and Hall p.796. Gerald Strauss., 'Lutheranism and literacy: a reassessment' in Religion and society in early modern Europe 1500-1800, ed. By K. Von Greyerz (London: German Historical Institute, 1984), 109-123 (p.115). Ibid pp.10-11. Ibid p.10 Ibid p.117. Ibid p.114 Pettegree p.18. Ibid p.19. Martin Luther, 'On the Babylonish Captivity of the Church', (1520), in Culture and belief in Europe, 1450-1600 : an anthology of sources eds. by David Englander, et al. (Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell in association with the Open University, 1990) pp. 177-180 (p.180). Scribner and Dixon p.20. Pettegree, p.24. Ibid p.23. Ibid p.23-24.

The Dystopian Future of William Gibsons Neuromancer Essays -- Neuroma

The Dystopian Future of Neuromancer In reading a text like this one can look at it through the formalistic approach and gather aspects on different perspectives. In HCAL it instructs a reader to analyze a specific text by seeing the setting, certain styles, imagery, form, and texture. In William Gibsons book Neuromancer all these approaches can be seen. The novel takes place in the future and how Gibson portrays it will be. Every place is dark and gloomy with an illusion of dystopia; despair and unhappiness. Gibson's structure is very hard to follow, such as how he is repetitive with the description of people and the color pink. Neuromancer, a book that brings the belief of the future to life, speaks of the use of technology and how advanced it will be. Gibson illustrates a place of dystopia, where everything is dark and full of despair. There seems to be no control over people and who they kill. The place were all dystopia occurs is in cyberspace. The opening line seems to be Gibson's way of preparing the reader for what is to come; "The sky above the port was the color of television, tuned to a dead channel."(Gibson 3) Here one sees the imagery that Gibson uses. He begins by bringing death and dismay in to the readers mind. One can picture a television that is black and fuzzy because the channel is not tuned in, the way the sky is. This is nothing like our sky; blue and bright. Rather like that of a gloomy rainy day, black and not appealing. Further in the book Gibson talks where the people live and sleep, places called "coffins." He describes the coffin's size, "the r... ...epetition of the color pink to describe things, brings a sort of humanistic quality into the work. It makes one see that all though the characters in the story are living in cyberspace, they do have human qualities. To approach this book from all these angels brings a new outcome of the novel. Gibson sets up the book from the beginning with the scene of dystopia, and continues it throughout the entirety of the novel. The greatest image of dystopia I found in this novel, was all the deaths that occur without a second thought about it. Using the formalistic approach to pick out these certain images in the novel, helps the reader see what exactly is going on. With the words that Gibson uses puts a pictured image in the readers mind as they go along; the image of DYSTOPIA.

Pearl Harbor Essay -- essays research papers

Pearl Harbor I. Events before the bombing A. Reasons for Japans Expansion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese were severely lacking in raw materials 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese wanted to build an empire 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan thought that it must build up its armies to compete with the Western Powers II. Preparations A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese made up a 8 point plan 1. Surprise was crucial 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American aircraft carriers there should be the primary targets 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  U.S. aircraft there must be destroyed to prevent aerial opposition 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All Japanese aircraft carriers available should be used 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All types of bombing should be used in the attack 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A strong fighter element should be included in the attack for air cover for the fleet 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Refueling at sea would be necessary 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A daylight attack promised best results, especially in the sunrise hours B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The necessary troops were trained and ships were readied C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peace talks came to a halt III. The Attack A. The attack was carrier based B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attack consisted of about 300 planes C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attack started at 7:55 a.m. IV. Aftermaths of the attack   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. American losses 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 ships were damaged or sunk 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,403 people were killed 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany and Italy declared war on America V. Conclusion A. The war was stopped by the atom-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The President was aware of Japan’s plans to attack C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attack was allowed to bring Japan into the war Pearl Harbor I. Events before the bombing A. Reasons for Japans Expansion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese were severely lacking in raw materials 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese wanted to build an empire 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan thought that it must build up its armies to com... ...d first. The plan was to anger Japan and thus to drag America into the greatest war of her existence. Yet even with this â€Å"Terrible Truth† I am inclined to forgive. I sympathize with President Roosevelt and the dilemma he faced. â€Å"He was forced to find circuitous means to persuade an isolationist America to join in a fight for freedom†¦It is easier to take a critical view of this policy a half century after the event than to fully understand fully what went on in Roosevelt’s mind in the year prior to Pearl Harbor. Work Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (April 10,2001).December 7,1941. [World Wide Web]. Available: URL=http://www.execpc.com/~dschaaf/overview.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (April 20,2001).Historychannel. [World Wide Web]. Available: URL=http://www.historychannel.com/per1/print_book.pl?ID=35502 (April 10,2001).The History Place. [World Wide Web]. Available: URL=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/pearl.htm Louis L. Snyder. â€Å"Pearl Harbor.† Academic American Encyclopedia 1989 ed. Stackman, Michael, Target: Pearl Harbor. Honolulu: University of Hawaii   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press, 1990

Spiritual self-discipline Essay

Quest for moral values in the works of gurudev rabindranath tagore Professor B. K. Patel Head, Department of English M. G. Govt. Art and Science College, Kharsia, Chhattisgarh Abstract:- Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore was a noble thinker, amazing poet, dramatist, best teacher, keen essayist and unbelievable artist of great excellence. He clearly asserts ‘Let us reset our moral compass. ‘His views on the lifestyle depend on the values of commitment, patriotism and naturalism. In spite of his being a great thinker, he propagated the ideas of naturalism and pragmatism. The values that we generally find and enjoy in the literature and philosophies of Tagore are Idealism, Humanism, Naturalism, Patriotism, internationalism and so on. Tagore says that man should identify the â€Å"ultimate truth† which will free him from the life circle. Encounter according to him is the interview with oneself. He trusts that the planet is the mixture of both fact and impression. In Tagore’s point of view, man is formed with unlimited power, which is unwanted of his subst antial existence. This superfluity is the infinite potentiality of human nature and creativity. The unwanted potentiality of man translates itself in person’s spiritual religious and ethical activities. As an idealist, he was a keen promoter of facts, benefits and ideas. According to him, by using art man can experience the completeness of the high standards of life. The peculiar artistry was nothing but sincere and spiritual self-discipline. He said that trust on and worship of God could spiritualize people’ duties and works. As a Humanist, Gurudev Rabindrabath Tagore said the characteristics of man and man are created by superior power. There is a powerful bond between man and characteristics, so man should act naturally to feel the significance of superpower within him. Knowing of self is the key to recognize the Godhood in self. As a Naturalist, he remains an excellent teacher that is not problematic for man. Nature is kind, gentle and sympathetic like a mother. As a true Patriot, Rabindranath Tagore was an excellent poet, preacher, master and servant of the nation. His documents are filled with the loyal  dogmas and doctrines. He had sworn during the independence movement to make the nation free from international slavery. His dedication for the nationwide service, sincere feeling, and certainty was great. â€Å"Jana, Gana, Mana†¦ is the popular National Anthem which elicited a powerful a sense of unity and nationalism. As a proponent of Internationalism he was in favour of the one world. He says that unity among social, color and spiritual diversities is the need of the time. Sophisticated emotions are significant in his literary creations and works of arts. Finally, he was a follower and promoter of Vedanta. He had faith on the one Supreme Being that he has called as the holy Brahma. He finds unity in the diversities in the world and a spiritual oneness between man and man, man and characteristics. The relation between God and human must be like that of between love and joy. He witnesses God in all matters and soul. He believes that existence of Lord Brahma is there in all the living beings. Adequa te answers of all the queries occur when we understand the lifestyle of Brahma within him. RABINDRANATH TAGORE AND HUMAN VALUES Biswajit Baidya Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Philosophy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, South Tripura. Abstract- R.N. Tagore’s philosophical works are so vast that it is a herculean task to do proper justice to the world class philosopher. From R.N. Tagore’s books, we can easily surmise his own philosophical thoughts and ideas. Looking at the modern times, there is a widespread feeling of hatred, enmity and distrust among religions, caste and nations. There is a competition to use religion in the name of religionlessness. The source of such deplorable acts is not the aforesaid search for peaceful self-consciousness. It’s source is restless self-consciousness. R. N. Tagore’s view of humanism and philosophical thought never shows the unconscious principle of life and the feeling of division and conflicts as the ultimate goal of man. Tagore gives importance to ‘BhÄ gavatgÄ «tÄ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which teaches that one knows oneself without the division of intelligence. The Supreme spirit is everything, holds every things together. As a matter of fact, in this modern age of disdain, enmity, dismay, dishonesty, distrusted and suspicion among different religion castes and nations, R.N. Tagore’s Message and Occasional Speeches serve as a panacea for the ills of human beings. Key words: humanism, religion, values, human beings. â€Å"QUEST FOR HUMAN VALUES IN RABINDRANATH TAGORE’S GITANJALI† Dr. Baburam Swami Assistant Professor, Deptt. of English, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, South Tripura. ABSTRACT: Tagore’s love for humanity is omnipresent. He shows great concern for the strife, sorrows and sufferings of humanity. His poetry is full of lofty idealism and undaunted optimism. The common objects of nature and human life are glorified and coloured in the radiance of his romantic imagination endowed with boundless love for liberty, fraternity and equality. He is a singer of the smiles and tears of human life. Spiritual humanist finds out spiritual significance in the commonplace activities of life and god in humble cottages. He condemns castes and creeds, which divide humankind. All human beings are equal to the creator there is no untouchable in the great body of God. He occupies front position in the congregation of the prophets of Humanism for his songs. Tagore’s poetry Gitanjali reflects his desperate efforts to see the world to live in peace and harmony in reality. He strives hard to foster the values of humanity and bring happiness in the land by encouraging the individuals to love one another and lead a harmonious life full of contentment. Gitanjali means song offering which are of the finite to the infinite. It is the poetry of the highest order and brings strange consolation to the human heart. It is poetry in which men converse with eternity. This paper focuses on the human values in the Gitanjali. It depicts the chaos and incoherence, the confusion of sensations and emotions that constitute the human consciousness. It also  depicts multi-theme of human relationships. It is the study of motion and commotion for establishment of human values. It is an attempt to get a glimpse of Tagore’s philosophy of humanism. It also aims at studying Rabindranath Tagore’s Poetry Gitanjali that fosters almost all positive values not only in India but also abroad. THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH IN THE SCIENTIFIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE Sohini Deb (Nandi) Research Scholar, Department of Sanskrit, Tripura University Abstract- The human values of the universal humanitarian considerations reached the level of high standard in the cultural activities and literary productions of Rabindranath Tagore, one of the greatest poet and men of wisdom. The extraordinary and the multifaceted talent of the poet embrace the diversity of valuable ideas of which science is a potential element. The flight of his imagination was not wild but sensible. It helped him to realise the truth comprehensively. It also transcended the limits of material forces and acquainted him to true nature of the infinite. His realisation and the study of scientific literature made him rich enough in the awareness that the application of science should be used exclusively for the utility of the mankind and especially to improve lots of the poor eradicating ignorance and superstitions. He studied books on science, went deep into the roots of the scientific principles and afterwards wrote books to make the ordinary people aware scientifica lly the surroundings of our society where we really live. He composed the books like ‘Visvaparichaya’ and ‘Taramandali abang Mahakasha’. He also inspired other scholars of science to write for awareness of scientific thought in the ordinary mass. He also wrote articles and took such measures for qualitative change in the technological know-how for agriculture. His experiment started in the Shriniketan and inspired his son Rathindranath for obtaining a degree in agricultural science. He was devoted to enrich the plant life too. He also took out most care in the human and social environment so as to make a man of the society physically and mentally healthy. From the height of cosmos down to the individual and material earth and the human societies with  peculiar characteristics in the particular surroundings, the poet Rabindranath try to catch the linking thread so as to have a clear conception to apply science for the good of mankind. It was inherent in the mind of the poet which has been revealed in his writings and activities that without invariable and concomitant association with the human value system, science is incapable of doing any good to mankind rather it acts like Frankenstein. RABINDRANATH TAGORE AND HIS UNIVERSAL HUMANISM Rajesh Bhattacharjee, Anup kumar Biswas M.A. in Bengali, Tripura University Abstract- Now a days the moral values from human nature is abolishing. If anybody should be mentioned as pure humanist in the India as well as in the world he is one and only Rabindranath Tagore .He earned a lot of experience in his whole life. He noticed the cruelty and destruction during the Second World War. He realized that the moral values are decreasing day by day.Then he determined to restore the human values and revive the moral ideas. In his essays like ‘kalantar’,’Yourope probasir patra’, ‘Batayaniker patra’, ‘Lokahita’, ‘purba o paschim’, ‘ Savyatar sankat’ he expressed his judgments’ about the humanism. Not only has this had his poems, proses, novels, and his short stories also born the significance of his humanist attitude. After travelling the whole world he felt that most of the people are losing their identity, depriving by the upper classes, exploiting by the rulers. He declared lou dly the winning song of humanity and restored our consciousness. So in today if we want to reconstruct our humanism we have to remember his message and preserve human values like love, faith, sincerity and devotion. We can celebrate his 150th birth anniversary and gave him proper honour through obeying his messages and his ideas.

The Wealth Beneath Your Feet

SOIL LAB The wealth Beneath Your Feet Purpose To determine effectiveness growth based on tests of somatogenetic characteristics such as pH, fertility and consistency. Pre-Lab TO lift off off our investigation, we had to gather soil. Our group resolved to get it from below a tree, mature abutting to the trunk. In terms on fertility, we rated our soil to be a 4 (1 macrocosm the least fertile, 10 being the most). We rated it rather high because it was in a place w present it had not been tampered with making it divulge than other(a)s.Also, it was quite dark and matched up rattling hearty with diagrams online of fertile soil. (http//www. enchantedlearning. com/geology/soil/) sort ONE Collection of Soil and reflection of Soil Profile The first grade (O) we observed is the top layer, a layer of organic soil. It is do up of humous and leaf sediment. Below that (A) comes the topsoil. This is where seeds sprout and other plants roots grow. This layer is also made up of humus, but here are other mineral particles as well. nigh is the eluviation layer (E).This layer contains mostly common sense and silt. It is the eluviation layer because of the process that takes place here where minerals are lost as well as carcass because of water trickle through the soil. The subsoil layer is next (B). This layer is made up of clay and mineral substances, it receives from the eater being dripped during the process the eluviation process eluviation process. ,Regoliath (C) lies beneath and is mostly that broken up bedrock. Lastly is the existent bedrock layer (R), essentially ripe unweathered rock.

Charles Dickens

Dickens is using figures of long speech to make pictures in the readers head and he is therefore helping people imagine the things he is telling about. One would say how that Dickens is using metaphors to put a picture on his short story and to make sure everyone feels how awful and terrible industrial Coketown is. â€Å"Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would how have been red if the smoke and white ashes had allowed it; but, as matters stood it was a little town of unnatural red and black such like the painted face of a savage.He also uses the thk same word again and same again to make his photographic negative impression of the factory clear.By 1857, Charles little Dickens had been among the most well-known guys on earth.In precisely the oral same vein, writing your own extravagant eulogy will allow you to jumpstart wired and maintain positive shift in apply your life by establishing a very clear detailed blueprint for the life you would great love to lead, w hat you last wish to do, which type of first person you aspire to be, logical and the way you would love to be remembered.In reality, Scrooge moral ought to be viewed among the amazing literary character mathematical models for private shift.

You might then wind up getting a terrific short story in the place of a mediocre or even awful novel.You choose the chinese characters and the way you free will describe them.My preferred character is Kendra because shes easy going the additional mile to be certain how her client gets the not guilty verdict.Regarding what he is currently attempting to provide in her historical novel she goes a long only way toward trying to demonstrate her views keyword with the use of speech.

The book is somewhat slow by modern standards, but its so hilarious.A book was new born from the impetus.For the choice is to how find the movie.The book is small for explanations.