Texas History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Texas History - Essay Example7. Convicts of the colonies would be sent to Texas for construction projects. 8. The throw out did not diminish migration of US citizens to migrating to Texas. 9. Forced Texas to comply with emancipation proclamation or be threatened by military intervention. 10. Authorized loan to fund cost of migrating immigrants. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 1. Famous battle warrior that fought more wars than Washington and Napoleon. 2. Served as a dictator for a long time 3. Needed military ambitions to support his leading 4. In his quest as a leader, invaded Cuba and attempted to retake Mexico. 5. Greatly influenced the politics of Spanish and Mexican politics. 6. Lead Mexican troops to Alamo in which he was defeated 7. Was exiled to US after his defeat in Alamo 8. Fought in the Mexican American war with the Mexicans. 9. Got no attention in his later years of lifespan 10. Died in Mexico City on June 21, 1876 Lorenzo de Zavala 1. Prominent leaders of leading Texass struggle to be liberated 2. Best known as an author for his typography about the liberation of Mexico. 3. Big advocator of democratic reform. 4. Serves as the Mexican Constituent Congress and was elected as a senate member from 1822 to 1826. 5. Held several positions in the government and propagated for Mexican federalism. 6. Signed the Texas declaration of Independence in the Convention of 1836. 7. Edited and was part of the newspaper that propagated for democratic reform. 8. Was imprisoned by the England and taught himself how to be literate during those years. 9. Was exiled in June 1830 when President Bustamente got ousted. 10. Traveled to New York and Texas in his life. Sam Houston 1. 19th century American statesman and soldier 2. Part of Scottish-Irish family 3. Became a primary get in for Texas and was elected as the first and third President for Texas. 4. Was involved in the War of 1812 to fight the British 5. A devoted Christian and was later call in his life. 6. The cit y of Houston along with many other places are named after him. 7. Was involved with a clash with a US congressman that was public. 8. One of the anchor figures to serve as the governor of Houston. 9. Spent time with Cherokee Nation and later became a citizen. 10. Was elected as a governor of Tennessee in 1827. Battle of the Alamo 1. Was a critical point in the Texas revolution. 2. Initiated by the Mexican troops under General lopes to invade the Alamo. 3. Texas army was joined by US army in which they defeated the Mexican Army. 4. Lead to a point in which all Mexican troops were driven out. 5. The Mexican army relentlessly kept attack the Alamo and eventually succeed in slaying the Texan-American army. 6. Sparked the Mexican-American war from 1846 to 1848. 7. The battle of Alamo remains as a massacre site for sides 8. Travis, one of the leaders of the Texan Army, wrote his far-famed letter to the people of Texas and all Americans of the world requesting more men. 9. The Alamo serv ed as home to missionaries and American Indian converts. 10. In the 20th century, the Texas labeled Alamo as a bragging(a) place. Stephen F. Austins was one of the most amazing personalities that literally changed from an empresario to a revolutionary. Austin was born in Virginia and was a founder of the Angl-American state of Texas. Austin is dress hat known for his cooperation with the Mexican government as he introduced a mass number of colonists from the states to the neighboring country. Austin had a

Superstitions in India Essay Example for Free

Superstitions in India EssaySuperstitions be based on ignorance and there is no purpose for superstitions but in the duskiness. The best way to remove superstitions is to educate the people and given over them light of reason. A true knowledge of Nature and God will take the place of blind beliefs and false traditions and this only can should the death-knell of superstitions. Samuel Smiles. Superstitions are unreasoned and irrational beliefs of the people living in the past or in the present age. When accredited happenings cannot be rationally explained, people assign mysterious and inexplicable reasons for their operation. This faith of the people in irrational things takes the take a hop of superstitions. Superstitions are, therefore, unreasoned beliefs which have a chronic kind of zeal in their evil. In honest-to-goodness primitive times, superstitions governed the majority of people. Those days were such(prenominal) that it favored the growth of superstitions. Superst itions enjoyed their hey-day of glory when the civilization and science had not lighted the darkness of the ignorance of the primitive people. Lack of scientific advancement is another cause of the growth of superstitions.They find a rich soil for germination at a time and in a country where science and philosophy have not had their hold on the masses. Unenlightened people always tend to be superstitions. extravagant reverence for traditions and customs prevailing in a particular society also make people superstitions in their ideas. This belief in the sacredness of time and old traditions of ancestors, keep people in the pale of superstitious thought. The tricks of the priests also exercise their unhealthy effect and people with a religious orthodoxy are prove to fall out an easy prey to these superstitious agencies.Superstitions have continued to exercise their sway on all classes of people all over the world. There are certain common superstitions which are shared by all the pe ople in the world. Belief in spirits, ghosts, and witches is a common superstition among all the people of the world. til now today belief in witches is present in India, Scotland, England, France and many other countries. plurality, especially in India and other countries of the East, still believe in ghosts. The cries of certain birds corresponding owl and ravenes and mewing of cats are regarded with superstitions all over the globe.There is a very common belief that when advancets are seen, they portend the death of kings or great men. When beggars egest there are no comets seen. The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes. In India, every activity of life is associated with some sort of superstition. It is supposed to be bad if some soundbox sneezes behind or calls back a man who is leaving his home for a journey. He must stop for a era to let the ill-luck pass. It is again ominous if he sees an empty vessel or a broom right in front of the house.The story of Ram Chandra, culmination across a snake on the left hand side and a jackal on the right hand side while he was coming back to his hut in the jungle is widely known. He at once guessed that some fortuity had befallen Sita. The sight of a dead body or a cow feeding her calf or a full pitcher is considered as auspicious while one is on a journey. Stories of ghosts and evil spirits are very common in all the countries of the world and especially in India. After death, a person changes into a ghost.Sometimes, a ghost molests the other members of the family generally, a pipal tree is supposed to be the haunt of ghosts. The fear of ghosts is so great that some people worship them in their homes without giving them any shape and give. The ghosts are offered sweets, cakes, clothes and many such Other articles to please them and bribe them against doing any kind of harm to the people. Generally, the illiterate and carnal people believe in superstitions. In villages, the people believe tha t small-pox, cholera and some fevers all are caused by the displeasure of he-ghosts and she-ghosts.The small pox, whenever it spreads in the form of epidemic, is supposed to be the result of the wrath of the Goddess Shitaladevi. Numerous beliefs of this type are prevalent in villages. Sometimes, such miracles take place in the cure of such diseases that one is surprised at and compelled to believe in these superstitions. Indians have a blind belief in, Sadhus though the cases of cheating by the Sadhus are generally heard. The ashes given by the Sadhus to their devotees are considered as something extraordinarily holy.The tradition of observing Terahvi in Indian families is another superstition. Hindus believe that souls of the dead persons exist in some form or the other for about eleven days in the family. The family becomes free form the impurity of death on the twelfth day. On this day Brahmins are fed and given charities to give peace to departed soul. These acts of giving chari ties to the Brahmins and feeding them or repeated every year in the month of Kwar. This observance is called Shradha. People have a great faith in palmistry, astrology and horoscope.There may be some experts in them here and there but generally, we come across, cheats, who exploit innocent persons and befool them. Superstitions differ from place to place and caste to caste. In South India, the sight of a black cat, crossing the way in front of one is considered to be very inauspicious. In Punjab, the sight of a Brahmin right in the morning is supposed to bring one misfortune for the whole day. unless a Brahmin is not looked upon as inauspicious elsewhere.The sight of a cobbler, oilmen or washer man bring ill-lack to one in U. P. ut not in Punjab, It should not be surprising that some of English superstitions are very similar to certain superstitions prevalent in India. But in England and India the following of a dog at night without any apparent cause is supposed to indicate the pr esence of a spirit nearby. As in Indian villages, people believe in witches, so do the people of England and Wales who live in remote villages. The only panacea for all the tender evils like superstitions is education. To make the backward and superstition minded Indians enlightened, education should be spread widely.Education cultivates reasoning and thinking in a human creation and as soon as a person comes under the shelter of reason and scientific outlook, he or she, becomes free from blind beliefs. Indians by nature are fatalists and they do not apply their energy to work for the betterment of their lot. This is the greatest superstition which has undermined and is still undermining the real prosperity of India. People should be mighty educated and should be inspired to be hard working and honest. Then, we should judge everything by the strong light of reason, having firm faith in God.

Alcohol Dependence Essay Example for Free

alcoholic drink Dep blockadeence EssayAn downpour is a man or a woman who suffers from alcoholic drinkism they cast off a distinct bodily trust to consume alcohol beyond their capacity to control it, regardless of all rules of common sense. According to Alcoholics Anonymous UK, who say they work no peculiar definition for alcoholism, it whitethorn be described as a physical compulsion, together with a mental obsession. Apart from having an enormous craving for alcohol, an alcoholic much yields to that craving at the worst possible times. The alcoholic knows neither when nor how to stop swallow. Definition an alcoholic is a soulfulness, while alcoholism is the illness.An alcoholic suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a long-term (chronic) disease. Alcoholics are obsessed with alcohol and terminatenot control how much they consume, even if it is causing serious problems at home, work, and financially. Alcohol step generally refers to multitude who do not displ ay the characteristics of alcoholism, but still use up a problem with it they are not as dependent on alcohol as an alcoholic is they have not yet completely lost their control over its consumption. Moderate alcohol consumption will not generally cause any(prenominal) psychological or physical harm.However, for any(prenominal) individuals, social crapulence eventually withdraws to heavier and heavier alcohol consumption, which does cause serious health and psychological problems. Alcoholism in the UK ace in every 13 tribe in the United Kingdom is an alcoholic, according to the NHS (National Health Service) statistics. Even among multitude who are not dependent on alcohol, a sizeable proportion drink too much. In the USA, 15% of Americans are problem drinkers, while between 5% to 10% of male and 3% to 5% of female drinkers could be diagnosed as alcohol dependent, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).The World Health Organization (WHO) says on that point ar e at to the lowest degree 140 million alcoholics in the world unfortunately, the majority of them are not treated. A US schooling estimated that near 30% of Americans report having an alcohol overturn at some time in their lives. Alcohol consumption more than bleakly affects women than men, according to a coordinated study carried out by researchers at RTI International, Pavlov Medical University, Leningrad Regional Center of Addictions, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.A Canadian study ensnare that alcohol is a factor in 1 in 25 deaths worldwide. The British Medical Association says that alcohol kills six mickle in Scotland every day. The lifetime risk of alcohol-use disorders for men is more than 20%, with a risk of about 15% for alcohol abuse and 10% for alcohol dependence, according to researchers from the University of California, San Diego, USA. Alcohol consumption, when in moderation can have some positive effects on health. Moderate red wine tipsiness has several health benefits.Researchers at the University of Illinois found that injured patient roles with alcohol in their blood have a smaller chance of dying in hospital. The researchers said that their come uponings should not encourage people to drink. What are the symptoms of alcoholism? The signs of alcoholism and alcohol abuse are very similar, and are ofttimes just a question of degree or intensity. Typically, the last person to be aware that he/she has a serious drinking problem is the alcoholic himself/herself they are in denial. Some signs and symptoms of alcoholism as well as alcohol abuse allow in Drinking alone.Drinking in secret. Not being able to limit how much alcohol is consumed. B needing out not being able to retrieve chunks of time. Having rituals and being irritated/annoyed when these rituals are disturbed or commented on. This could be drinks before/during/after meals, or after work. Dropping hobbies and activities t he person used to enthral losing interest in them. Feeling an urge to drink. Feeling irritable when drinking times approach. This feeling is more intense if the alcohol is not available, or at that place appears to be a chance it may not be available. Having stashes of alcohol in un liable(predicate) places.Gulping drinks down in order to get sot and then feel good. Having relationship problems (triggered by drinking). Having problems with the law (caused by drinking). Having work problems (caused by drinking, or drinking as root cause). Having money problems (caused by drinking). Requiring a larger quantity of alcohol to feel its effect. Nausea, sweating, or even shaking when not drinking. A person who abuses alcohol may have many of these signs and symptoms but they do not have the withdrawal symptoms like an alcoholic does, nor the same degree of compulsion to drink.The problems linked to alcohol dependence are extensive, and affect the person physically, psychologically and socially. Drinking becomes a compulsion for a person with a drink problem it take holds precedence over all other activities. It can tolerate undetected for several years. drunk man lying on the table with whiskey glass What is binge drinking? In the UK, binge drinking occurs when a man consumes more than eight units of alcohol and a woman consumes over six units in one sitting. Drinking large amounts of alcohol now-and-again is worse for the heath than frequently drinking small quantities.Binge drinking has become a growing problem in many countries, specially in the UK where 40% of exigency hospital admittances are alcohol-related. Sipping wine, beer or spirits three to four times per week add-ons the risk of binge drinking, particularly among teenaged men, according to a study carried out by researchers from the Universite de Montreal and the University of Western Ontario. Men who drink 22 or more units of alcohol a week have a 20% high(prenominal) rate of admissions into acute care hospitals than non-drinkers, researchers from the University of Glasgow found.Binge drinking among college students and heart disease researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago reported in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology that healthy young adults who regularly binge drink may have a higher risk of heart disease later in life. Senior author, Shane A. Phillips and team found that college binge drinkers show damage to blood vessels similar to that caused by high cholesterol and hypertension, both factors linked to heart disease.Phillips said Regular binge drinking is one of the most serious public health problems confronting our college campuses, and drinking on college campuses has become more pervasive and destructive. Binge drinking is neurotoxic and our data abet that there may be serious cardiovascular consequences in young adults. What causes alcoholism (alcohol dependence)? Alcohol dependence is a gradual process which can take from a few years to several decades to become a problem with some very vulnerable people dependency can come in a question of months.Eventually, over time, regular alcohol consumption can disrupt the balance of the brain chemical GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which controls impulsiveness, as well as glutamate, which stimulates the anxious system. Brain levels of dopamine are raised when we consume alcohol dopamine levels may shit the drinking experience more gratifying. Over the long- or medium-term, excessive drinking can significantly alter the levels of these brain chemicals, making the persons body crave alcohol in order to feel good and stave off feeling bad.These risk factors may in any case be linked to excessive drinking Genes scientists say there are specific genetic factors which may make some people more likely to become addicted to alcohol, as well as other substances. People who have a family history of dependency are at higher risk for abusing alcohol. Alcoholics are six times more likely than nonalcoholic to have blood relatives who are alcohol dependent. Researchers from the Universidad de Granada, Spain, revealed that the lack of endorphin is hereditary, and thus that there is a genetic predisposition to become addicted to alcohol.The age of first alcoholic drink a study found that people who started drinking alcohol before the age of 15 were much more likely to have an alcohol problem later in life. Underage drinking in the USA is common 26. 6% of Americans under the legal age for alcohol consumption are drinking, a new report issued by SAMHSA (Substance iniquity and Mental Health Services) informed in a new report. The authors explained that although some progress had been made in the short term to reduce underage drinking, especially among children aged up to 17 years, underage drinking rates are still excessively high in the USA.Of the 12-20 year olds who said they had drunk alcohol during the previous four weeks, 8. 7% had bought it themselves. Pamela S. Hyde, an AMHSA Administrator, said Underage drinking should not be a normal part of growing up. Its a serious and long-lasting public health problem that puts our young people and our communities in danger. Even though drinking is often glamorized, the truth is that underage drinking can lead to poor academic performance, sexual assault, injury, and even death. Smoking, especially non-daily smokers A study by Yale University researchers found that non-daily smokers are five times more likely to have a problem with alcohol compared to people who have never smoked. Easy entrance money Experts say there is a correlation between easy access to alcohol (cheap prices) and alcohol abuse and alcohol-related deaths. A US study found a strong link between alcohol tax increases in 1983 and 2002 and a significant drop in deaths related to alcohol use in one American state the effect was found to be nearly deuce to four times that of other prevention strategies such (prenominal) as school programs or media campaigns.Stress some stress hormones are linked to alcoholism. If our levels of stress, anxiety are high some of us may consume alcohol in an attempt to blank out the upheaval. Military service members returning from Iraq and Afghanistan are likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders simultaneously, according to researchers at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Peer drinking people who have friends who drink regularly or abuse alcohol are more likely to drink excessively and eventually have an alcohol problem. unhopeful self-esteem experts say that people with low self-esteem who have alcohol readily available are more likely to abuse it. Depression people with depression may deliberately or unwittingly use alcohol as a means of self-treatment. On the other hand, a statistical theoretical account study suggested that alcohol abuse may lead to depression risk, rather than vice versa. Media and advertising in some countries alcohol is portrayed as a glamorous, worldly and cool activity. Many experts believe that alcohol advertising and media coverage of it may convey the message that excessive drinking is acceptable.The Royal College of Physicians is asking for a European Union ban on alcohol advertising to protect children. How the body processes (metabolizes) alcohol people who need comparatively more alcohol to discover an effect have a higher risk of eventually having an alcohol problem, a study carried out by researchers at the University of California, San Diego, found. Ads by Google Liver monetary value Symptoms If You Have These 3 Symptoms You May Have Liver Damage. See Now. hearthappy. com 90% Lower Alcohol Craving New Way To Help Drinking Problems. substantiate 90% Success Rate declinol.com sum Attack Signs? Know the 4 Bodily Signs. Take The Simple Heart Test Now www. simplehearttest. com How is alcoholism diagnosed? In the USA a person mus t meet the criteria laid out in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), published by the APA (American Psychiatric Association). This let ins a pattern of alcohol abuse which leads to considerable impairment or distress. The patient should experience at least three of the criteria below during the past 12 months Alcohol tolerance the patient needs a large quantity of alcohol to feel intoxicated.However, when the liver is damaged and cannot metabolize the alcohol so well, this tolerance may drop. Damage to the central nervous system may also reduce tolerance levels. Withdrawal symptoms when the patient abstains from alcohol or cuts down he/she experiences tremors, insomnia, sickness or anxiety. Typically, the patient drinks more to avoid these symptoms. Beyond intentions the patient ends up drinking more alcohol, or drinks for a longer period than he/she intended. unsuccessfully attempting to cut down the patient is continuously trying to cut down alcoho l consumption, but does not succeed.Or the patient has a persistent desire to cut down. Time consuming the patient spends a lot of time obtaining, using or recovering from alcohol consumption. Withdrawal the patient withdraws from recreational, social, or occupational activities. This did not used to be the case. Persistence the patient carries on consuming alcohol even though he/she knows it is harming him/her physically and psychologically. Some signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse may be due to another condition, or simple aging, such as memory problems, or falling.Some patients may go to their doctor about a aesculapian condition, such as a digestive problem, and not mention their alcohol abuse. It is not always easy for a doctor to site candidates for alcohol dependency screening. If a doctor suspects alcohol may be a problem, he/she may ask a series of questions if the patient answers in a certain way the doctor may go on to use a standardized questionnaire. A single ques tion can separate unhealthy alcohol use in patients, a study revealed. Blood tests can only reveal very recent alcohol consumption.They cannot tell whether a person has been drinking heavily for a long time. If a blood test reveals that the red blood cells have increased in size it could be an indication of long-term alcohol abuse. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) this is a test which helps detect heavy alcohol consumption. It is a blood test. There are other tests which can indicate whether the liver has been damaged, or whether a man has reduced testosterone levels however, screening with a good questionnaire is seen as the most effective means for an accurate diagnosis. almost alcoholics deny they have a problem and tend to minimize the extent of their drinking. Talking to family members may help the doctor in his/her diagnosis (permission will be needed for this). Complications of alcoholism and alcohol abuse Usually, drinking alcohol initially elevates the persons mo od. However, after a long period of regular heavy drinking the persons nervous system will become depressed and the drinker will become sedated by alcohol. Alcohol may undermine a persons judgment it can disdain inhibitions and alter the drinkers thoughts, emotions and general behavior.Heavy regular drinking can have a serious effect on a persons ability to coordinate his/her muscles and deal properly. Heavy binge drinking could cause the patient to go into coma. Eventually, regular heavy drinking may cause at least one of the followers problems Fatigue the patient is tired most of the time. Memory loss especially the patients short-term memory. Eye muscles the eye muscles can become significantly weaker. Liver diseases the patient has a considerably higher chance of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible and progressive condition.Gastrointestinal complications the patient can develop gastritis, or pancreas damage. These problems also seriously undermine the bodys ability to digest food, absorb certain vitamins, and produce hormones which regulate metabolism. Hypertension regular heavy drinking invariably raises the persons blood pressure. Heart problems regular heaving drinking can lead to cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and stroke. Diabetes alcoholics have a very high risk of developing diabetes flake 2. Patients who have diabetes will invariably have serious complications if they are regular heavy drinkers of alcohol.Alcohol prevents the release of glucose from the liver, causing hypoglycemia. A person with diabetes is already taking insulin to lower his/her blood sugar levels hypoglycemia could be devastating. Menstruation alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or disrupt it. Erectile disfunction alcoholic men are much more likely to have problems getting an erection, or sustaining one. Fetal alcohol syndrome women who abuse alcohol during their pregnancy are much more likely to have babies with birth defects, including a small head, heart problems, shortened eyelids, as well as developmental and cognitive problems. carving bones alcoholics invariably suffer from thinning of the bones because alcohol interferes with the production of new bone. This means an increased risk of fractures. Nervous system problems alcoholism often causes numbness in the extremities, dementia and confused/disordered thinking. Cancer alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several cancers, including cancer of the mouth, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate gland and pharynx. An international study found that the key causes of bowel cancer are alcohol and smoking.In fact, even moderate alcohol consumption is linked to a higher incidence of cancer among women, a study found. Another study found that consuming just two or more drinks per day could increase a persons risk of pancreatic cancer by about 22%. Accidents alcoholics are vulnerable to injuries f rom falls, car crashes, being run over, etc. The NIH says that over half(a) of all American traffic deaths are alcohol-related. Domestic abuse alcohol is a major factor in spouse beating, child abuse, and conflicts with neighbors.Work (school) problems custom problems, unemployment, school problems, are often alcohol-related. Suicide suicide rates among people who are alcohol-dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other people. Mental illness alcohol abuse can cause mental illness and make existing mental illnesses worse. Problems with the law the percentage of alcoholics who end up in court or in prison is significantly higher compared to the rest of the population.reaching for the whiskey glass Treatment for alcohol dependencySome medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use may benefit from a brief intervention, say researchers from Boston University School of Medicine. The first step for the alcoholic is to acknowledge that there is an alcohol dependen cy problem. The next step is to get help. In most of the world there are several support groups and professional services available. A study found that people with a stable psychosocial life situation often delay in seeking help for their alcohol problems even though they are serious.In another study, published in March 2012, scientists from Norway re-analyzed data from old trials that tested LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) for the treatment of alcoholism and concluded that a single dose of the psychedelic drug was effective in decreasing alcohol misuse. Researchers from the Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, informed in Frontiers in materia medica in October 2012 that veterans who smoke have a higher risk of alcohol abuse sink than non-smokers.They added that smoking while trying to give up drinking impairs memory, learning and other cognitive skills, which undermine successful sobriety. The following are recognised treatment options for alcoholism Do-it-yourself experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem manage to reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking professional help. There is a great deal of material in books and the internet that may help the self-helper. Counseling a qualified counselor can help the alcoholic talk through his/her problems and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking.CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is commonly used to treat alcohol dependency. Treating underlying problems the alcoholic may have a problem with self-esteem, stress, anxiety, depression, or some other mental health problem. It is important to treat these problems too. It is crucial for the alcoholic to realize that drinking will probably make mental health problems worse. As alcoholics commonly suffer from hypertension, liver diseases, and possibly heart diseases, these will need to be treated too. Residential programs residential programs are ideal for some people.They include expert professional help, individual or group therapy, support groups, training, family involvement, activity therapy, and a host of strategies that are aimed at treating the alcoholic successfully. Some people find that being physically away from access to temptation is a great help. Drug that provokes a severe reaction to alcohol Antabuse (disulfiram) causes a severe reaction when somebody drinks alcohol, including nausea, flushing, vomiting and headaches. It is a deterrent. It will not treat the alcoholics compulsion and will not cure alcoholism.Drugs for cravings Naltrexone (ReVia) may help with the urge to have a drink. Acamprosate (Campral) may help with cravings. Hormone ghrelin Researchers at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, have discovered a new brain mechanism involved in alcohol addiction involving the stomach hormone ghrelin. When ghrelins actions in the brain are blocked, alcohols effects on the reward system are reduced. It is an important discovery that could l ead to new therapies for addictions such as alcohol dependence.Detoxification the patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience when they give up drinking. Treatment usually lasts from four to cardinal days. Chlordiazepoxide, a benzodiazepine medication, is frequently used for detoxification (detox). Doses will be initially high, and will then taper off. It is important that the patient abstains completely from alcohol during the detox. Staying on the bufflehead (remaining abstinent) some patients find the detox acheivable, but start drinking again soon after, or some time later.It is important to remember Samuel Johnsons phrase If at first you dont succeed. Try, try, and try again. Success rates are significantly improved if the patient has access to counseling or some support group. Family support is crucial. sometimes a good GP can provide vital support. A study found that genetics is a factor in predicting t he risk of relapse among alcohol-dependent patients. Further Reading What is Alcohol Poisoning? What are the Dangers of Alcohol Poisoning? Written by Christian Nordqvist Copyright Medical News forthwith

Project Timeline and Minutes of Meeting Essay Example for Free

Project Timeline and Minutes of Meeting EssayNo ContentRemark Week 2 Planning the take in 5 % Preliminary model selection 5 % Week 3Brainstorm and Gathering information20 % Week 4Final model section 10 % Week 5Implementation 35 % Week 6Writing the work 25 % Minutes of meeting 1 Date Wednesday 12th family line 2012 Time 700 pm 730 pm Venue Cafeteria North-wing Campus UCSI University Chaired by theme leader Samir Attendance Samir Mohamoud Group leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer MohammedKhalid Matter discussed 1-Getting to know each other Every genius introduced himself ?Providing means of communication (phone number, email and Facebook) 2-Project ?Rough reading through with(predicate) the project ?Define project objective ?Project time frame ?Estimate project completion 15th October 2012 3-Next Meeting ?Saturday 15th September 12 pm at Ahmeds flat tire. Prepared by Ahmed Minutes of meeting 2 Date Saturday 15th September 2012 Time1200 pm 230 pm Ven ue Ahmeds Apartment Chaired by Group leader Samir AttendanceSamir Mohamoud Group leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid Matter discussed 1-Project ?Break down the project into smaller tasks ? arrange each member for specific task ?Discussed each task in detail 2-Model ?Brainstorm a material body for the model ?Hand draw the send off ?Identify the model component 3-Next Meeting ?Saturday 22nd September 1 pm 2 pm at Sameers apartment Prepared by Ahmed Minutes of meeting 3 Postponed to 26th September due to tests Minute of meeting 4 Date 26th September 2012 Time420 pm 555 pm Venue K207 North-wing Camps UCSI university Chaired by Group leader Samir Attendance Samir Mohamoud Group leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid Matter discussed 1-Project ?Each member discussed and showed progress on designate task 2-Model ?Members brought new design for the model ?Estimate the components cost ?Set the model implementati on date Saturday 29th September 3-Next meeting ?Saturday 29th September 1100 am at Samirs apartment Prepared by Ahmed Minute of meeting 5 Date 29th September 2012 Time1100 am 400 pm Venue Samirs Apartment Chaired by Group leader Samir Attendance Samir Mohamoud Group leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid Matter discussed 1-Model ?Update and adjust the model design add remove some features. ?Sketch the new model ?Re-estimate the cost of the new model 2-Implementation ?Purchased the desired components. ?Few components were not available in mart Wooden Mousetrap. ?Decision made on the spot and agreed by all members to change the wooden mousetrap with a metal one to keep the project flow. ?Started fixing the component together 90% completion of model 3-Next meeting ?Sunday 7th October1100 pm at Samirs apartment Prepared by Ahmed Minute of meeting 6 Date 7th October 8, 2012 Time200 am 500 pm Venue Samirs Apartment Chaired by Group leader Samir At tendance Samir Mohamoud Group leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid Matter discussed 1-Implementation ?Complete the implementation ?Run the model for its first time. ?Rerun the model to make sure is workings properly. ?Test the model for the specified purposes ?The model showed success

Study on the lord of the flies

Study on the lord of the fliesA. Ralph Ralph brings nuance to the island with his exceptional leadership and sagacity. Through his wise decisions, he continuously pulls the boys closer to universe rescued. However, Ralphs driveway to bring peace miserably fails at the end, as boys gradu wholey begin to go against his beliefs.Civilized As an elected leader of the tribe, Ralph repeatedly attempts to coordinate civilization strange the other boys. While others stay ignorant to the situation by focusing on having fun on the island, Ralph does not cease to pour solely his strengths to civilize the boys by building huts, creating depose, and assignment duties.Unwavering Throughout the novel, Ralph refuses to succumb to the barbaric lifestyle the other boys have yielded to, despite the wedded circumstances on this chaotic island. Ralph continues to keep his humanity by holding in his home(a) savagery, even when his own life is at stake.B. Piggy As a plump out kid with asthma, Pig gy holds all the congenital traits to being a stereotypical annoying child, causing many to dislike him. Although Piggy crowd out be considered as the most intelligent i in the group, he often fails to get acknowledged and appreciated by others for the contri moreoverions he made to the island.Dependent Despite the raw decisions he brings to the table that would be prudent to the boys survival, Piggy always requires Jacks presence to get things done. Piggy gets Ralph to accomplish even a simplest caper on the island, like giving the littluns commands. Without Jack, Piggy is not respected or accepted by others.Faithful Through thick and thin, Piggy stays by Ralphs side as his best friend. Almost nowhere in the book can Ralph be seen without Piggy, as cardinal seem to be inseparable throughout the whole store. Piggy devotedly guides Ralph to the right direction and stays faithful, even to the point where he sacrifices his own life.C. Simon Simon is an alienated figure in the tr ibe of the boys on the island, due to his unique maturity and morality to fightd life. Although he prefers being alone in a deserted bea away from others on the island, Simon still puts his bm to help and save the boys from trouble. Unfortunately, his innocent efforts later takes his life away at the end, akin to an image of Jesus Christ.Compassionate Simon may look like he is apathetic toward other boys through his isolated status in the tribe, however, he understandably is not Simon is genuinely very compassionate about them. While others atomic number 18 occupied on having fun, Simon alone pours his weak strengths to build huts for the littluns. Also, it is Simon that retrieves back Piggys flown away spectacles back to him when it flies away from Jacks heavy blow.Sacrificial Simon becomes one of the first boys to die on the island, despite all his goodness. Although he never harmed others or even intended to, Simon gets killed anyway by the boys own bare hands. It can be infe rred that he has been sacrificed to nature for the sins other boys have committed, making him the scapegoat of the tribe.D. Jack After landing on the island, Jack downstairsgoes a dramatic passageway from a choirboy who likes to flaunt his ability to sing C sharp, to a savage who likes to decapitate a dead pigs body. Jack rejects to adapt to the civilization offered by Ralph, scarce desires to create his own luxuriantyy under his author.Rebellious In contrary to the rest of the boys, who slow agree to the decisions made by Ralph, Jack alone refuses to be a follower. Instead, he wishes to have full authority of his own, later resulting him to make his own separate tribe. Jack simply does not want to be under someone elses admit, which later causes war and deaths among the boys.Charismatic Charisma is an essential trait for all leaders. Inclined for power, Jack luckily cherishes that charismatic side in him, unlike Ralph who miserably fails to lead his boys into right directio n. All his actions, like camouflaging his face with paint, seem admirable to his followers eyes. Due to Jacks such trait, he eventually obtains full control over his boys in the tribe.MinorE. Samneric Samneric is a collective term describing Sam and Eric, who are identical twins therefore undistinguishable to others. They tend to be followers in the story to whoever is in power, whether it is Ralph or Jack.Powerless Samneric are very insignificant to the tribe, as they have no voice or power over what they do. They are expected to obey whatever commands are given to them under any circumstances.Loyal Although Samneric abandoned Ralph and Piggy for Jack, their loyalty toward the former two can often be seen in the novel. When Ralph is being vigilantly followed by Jacks tribe for him to be killed, Samneric chooses to support Jack, by alerting him that he is being wanted. Samnerics loyalty toward Ralph ultimately causes Jacks tribe to collapse in the end.F. Roger As Jacks main follower and his official torturer of the tribe, Roger is a cruel boy that notwithstanding sees hatred in his eyes. No matter who the target is, Roger wishes to destroy them using violence. He sheds no pity on the littluns either, as he once viciously demolishes their treasured sand castle.Sadistic Even though he purposely misses the shots, Roger is once seen throwing dangerous rocks at Henry. Roger is fully aware that the rocks will frighten the victim in terror, however, the thought does not bother him at all. He is also the person to roll the boulder that murders Piggy.G. The Lord of the locomote The Lord of the Flies is a voice spoken through stick-impaled sows head, and is only heard by Simon. It is unknown whether the Lord of the Flies is Simons hallucination or the islands supernatural figure.Cruel The Lord of the Flies signify the cruelty that took over all the boys. It self-proclaims to be long-wearing, and declares that it will remain among the boys eternally. It mercilessly threatens innocent Simon as well, who gets terrified of the Lords existence.5. SettingsI. The Lagoon Blue of all sunglasses and shadowy green and purple, the beautiful lagoon of the island serves as the opening point of the story where the scattered boys of the island come together for the first time. Described as an haven in middle of a dry desert created by an act of God, the lagoon offers a peaceful and soothing feeling to the readers. Nothing ominous seems to occur to the boys once they are in the lagoon, in contrary to many other settings in the novel.II. The Forest The jungle in the island can be seen as the base where savagery in the boys hatch to life. With pigs squealing, mice shrieking, and birds screaming everywhere, the forest is undoubtedly an epitome of wilderness in the novel. The boys first murder happens in the forest, as well as their very closing. Whenever the forest enters the scene, readers can automatically assume that an act of savagery will take place, w hether it is slaughtering a pig for food, or killing an innocent boy with bare hands.III. Castle Rock Like a magical fortress surrounded by strange growths of coral, poly, and weed, Castle Rock initially makes an exhilarating pattern on the boys with its visual enticement. Despite its outer beauty, however, Ralph slowly comes to realize that the Castle Rock is not suitable for a shelter due to lack of essential survival segments like fresh water, food, and shelter. On the other hand, Jack makes an argument that the rock is actually ideal for a shelter, as it is equipped with surplus marrow of harmful weapons. Jack later claims Castle Rock as his tribes fort, making use of those very weapons to defeat their enemies like Piggy. In conclusion, the Castle Rock signify a form of savagery for the readers, as one of deathful places on the island.6. PlotIn middle of an ongoing war, a group of English boys land on an uninhabited island from an aircraft. They soon gather to the blow of the conch made by Ralph and Piggy.Led by charismatic Ralph, the boys establish a civilization by creating shelter, collecting food, and assigning duties.To higher their chance of being rescued, the boys decide to make fire as a signal. However, Jacks boys become obsessed with hunting instead, causing their existence to go un get holdd by a passing-by ship.Littluns claim that they have seen a foreign creature on the island, and calls it beastie.Unable to withstand Ralph, Jack rebels out of the tribe and forms his own. A handful amount of boys follow Ralph, leaving him and Piggy behind.The new group begins to hunt wild pigs in the jungle like savages, and even decapitates one of the sows for a gift to the beast. Through that head, the Lord of the Flies speak to Simon of how evil will not be defeated on this island.Silhouette of a fallen parachuter makes an image akin to a large living creature, terrorizing the boys. Simon discovers the true identity of this object, and attempts to tell the others about it.The boys, masked in their savagery, mistake Simons emergence as the beasts and brutally slaughters him with bare hands.The next day, Jacks boys commit to themselves to steal Piggys specs to create fire. In the progress, one of the boys throws a heavy boulder aimed directly at Piggy. along with the conch, Piggy ends his life in ruins.Jacks boys continue to hunt for Jack in relys of killing him. After setting the whole forest on fire in attempt to compel Ralph away from his hiding, an officer sights the smoke.The story comes to close as the boys finally get rescued.7. Major ThemesA. Importance of CivilizationA war is being waged outside the island, disrupting the civilized peace. The war then causes the boys to be dropped onto the unknown island.The boys slowly drag themselves away from being rescued due to their own seditious acts against the leader.Unorganized life on the island ultimately leads the boys into complete catastrophe.The boys end up losing their sa nity due to lack of civilization, later even killing separately other.Golding accentuates the need for civilization in order for a community to survive, whether the group is small as a tribe, or loose as a country. Without order, each individuals covetousness and needs will soon cause corruption, resulting in total chaos that might even affect ones life.B. Corruption of PowerJacks desire for control causes inner conflicts in the group, causing the tribe to separate into two sides Jacks and Ralphs.As time passes, Jack abuses his newfound strength by fulfilling his needs.Jack speedily becomes corrupted with his control. He even orders his boys to murder Ralph.It is natural for a man to be thirsty for power, as the same goes for Jack. However, Golding highlights that with excessive power, comes an uncontrollable tyranny. Jack was given all the power he had ever wanted in his new tribe with no restrictions whatsoever. Unable to control his unconstrained freedom, Jack soon lets his inner greed take over him.C. The Danger of FearIt is the terrorizing fear in the littluns that bring the beastie to life.The boys fear of the beastie causes them to takes away Simons life.Through depicting all the unfortunate outcomes caused by having fear in something, Golding dramatically shows the effect a mere perception has over ones actions. In other words, the author suggests that one should actually fear the emotion fear itself, for its danger is immense and unpredictable.8. SymbolsA. The ConchI got the conch I got the right to speak. (Chapter 2, p.36)He put the conch to his lips and began to blow. Saves appeared, painted out of recognition (Chapter 11, p.157)The conch symbolizes authority, civilization, and order on the island. Once the conch is blown, all the boys are expected to gather at the location of the sound. It would be not an overstatement to say that the conch alone possesses more power than anyone in the tribe, with exceptions to Jack and Ralph. Also, each and every member of the tribe is enforced to obey the laws of the conch, providing a form of civilization to the island.B. The FireIf a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire. (Chapter 2, p.33)All at once the lights flickering ahead of him corporate together and a tall bush directly in his path burst into a great fan-shaped flame. (Chapter 12, p. 165)As one of the most vital element for survival, Ralph and Piggy become highly obsessed with the burning of fire, and even attempts to spark a battle with Jack for letting the fire go out. Fire symbolizes hope and anticipation for the boys to get rescued, as it seems to be the only way available. Ironically, Golding uses fire to depict destruction as well, as becomes a tool for savages to hunt Ralph at the end.C. Piggys SpecsHis specs-use them as burning glasses (Chapter 2, p.32)You havent got Piggys specs, so you cant start the fire again. (Chapter 7, p. 102)In th e beginning, Piggys specs are treated as an annoyance to others, since it is nothing only when a mere visual aide for almost-blind Piggy. However, right at the moment when Ralph discovers its new use, his specs instantly become a must-need object for all boys survival. Piggys specs enable the boys to ignite a fire by focusing the sunlight rays, and if a group does not have this very tool, the group becomes helpless. All in all, the specs symbolize intellect in the tribe, as the tribe cannot be functional without them.9. ImageryI. The boy with fair whisker lowered himself down the last few feet of rock and began to pick his way toward the lagoon. Though he had taken off his school sweater and trailed it now from one hand, his grey shirt stuck to him and his hair was plastered to his forehead. All round him the long scar smashed into the jungle was a bath of heat. He was clambering heavily among the creepers and broken trunks when a bird, a vision of red and yellow, flashed upwards with a witch-like cry. (Chapter 1, p.1)Marking off the beginning of the novel, Ralph makes his first appearance as a boy who clearly seems tired and fatigued. To emphasize his weak physical condition, it is depicted by the author that Ralph is trailing his taken-off shirt. Akin to dragging, the image of Ralph trailing the shirt suggests that the boy is fully drained of energy from exhaustion. some(prenominal) factors around him support Ralphs tiredness, such as a bath of heat hammering him down oppressively.II. They lay there listening, at first with doubt but then with terror to the description the twins aphonic at them between bouts of extreme silence. Soon the darkness was full of claws, full of the awful unknown and menace. An never-ending dawn faded the stars out, and at last light, sad and grey, filtered into the shelter. They began to stir through still the world outside the shelter was impossibly dangerous. The maze of the darkness screen into near and far, and at the hig h point of the sky the cloudlets were warmed with color. A single sea bird flapped upwards with a hoarse cry (Chapter 6, p. 82)In hopes of finding the beast come alive, Sam and Eric fall into the abyss of darkness as they observe the world outside in extreme silence. However, instead of a beast, only the menacing tranquil of nature greets the twins into its interminable sky. Although silent and calm, the mood is yet far from being peaceful, but rather full of claws and full of awful. Supporting this eerie atmosphere, a single sea bird alone from its flock fills the air with a hoarse cry. It seems the discomfort and fear in the boys minds are creating an awkward strange ambiance for all.III. The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist. Piggy, dictum nothing, with no time for even a grunt, traveled through the air sideways from the work, turning over as he went. The rock bounded in two ways and was lo st in the forest. Piggy fell forty feet and landed on his back across the square red rock in the sea. (Chapter 11, p. 163)In this passage, the boys and their big boulder brutally obliterates the two key figures of civilization the island has had Piggy and the conch. Through this destruction, Golding declares the end for all civilization and humanity on the island, both ceasing to exist. The power of the rebellions was clearly too strong for Piggy or Ralph to overcome, ultimately leaving them vulnerable for total defeat. Also, as expressed through thousand white fragments of the destroyed conch, the ruin done seems to be irreversible for the boys.10. Significance of title of workAlthough neither real or majorly significant in the story, the title of the book, Lord of the Flies actually carries a very important meaning to it. As a sacrificial head of a sow pierced with a stick, the Lord of the Flies symbolizes the indestructible fear, evil, and savagery inside all boys on the island. Those three essence of life ultimately causes the conflicts in the novel, especially between humane Ralph and savaged Jack.11. Authors techniquesAllusionThen the sleeping leviathan breathed out, the waters rose (Chapter 6. p. 93)Simon being Jesus Christ, Jack being JudasGolding uses a handful amount of biblical allusions in Lord of the Flies that are easily noticeable, major ones being the characters. It is quite evident that Simon portrays the image of Jesus Christ in the give-and-take, as both are known to be the innocent scapegoats in their respective story. Also, Jack partially reflects the image of Judas in the Bible, with both being the betrayer and evil in their group. Lastly, Golding often uses biblical allusions in specific sentences as well, like how he illustrated a scene of rising water as the breath of the sleeping leviathan. Leviathan is actually a sea monster in the Bible that is known to be the gatekeeper of Hell.

A Major Issue In Educational Management Education Essay

A Major Issue In Educational Management Education EssayEducation is the concern of each and all individual. It is the backbone of every civilized society. In its centre lies the school. Since the birth of civilization, the school has been a major concern for the rulers and governments. The Education for all (EFA) movement launched at Jomtien, Thailand in 1990, had as suggest to bring the benefits of education to every citizen in every society (World Bank 2009). The movement brought a new dimension to education. Developing countries started to invest huge count of money for the betterment of their education system which they consider as the key to their prosperity. In this process, the school was subjected to great reforms so as to cater for the goals of individuals, societies and nations.The School is a complex open social system. It provides a balance between scientific guidance and human relations approach. The system is extremely dynamic. In this system the organise is a key element in transforming inputs into outputs. The structure, in any case called the bureaucratic expectations, defines our role and responsibilities. It has been organized in such a way so as to gather the organizations goals (Hoy and Miskel 2004). This oratory will be found primarily on the bureaucratic part which is a major issue in educational management.The world is flat, Friedman (2005) justifiedly said. We are witnessing the flattening of structures in all places and at different levels. The Weberian model of bureaucracy is being questioned. The pyramidal shape structure is becoming irrelevant. Even the school setting has not been left apart. All schools do not follow the resembling structure some have an enabling or productive structure whereas others ease have a coercive or hindering structure (Hoy and Miskel 2004).Schools are social organizations with set objectives together with their human, financial, material and physical resources (Dash and Dash 2008). Therefore, school management is a crucial and complex matter. The one responsible for managing these resources is usually centered on one person who is called the headmaster or principal or rector. He has the responsibility of both the internal and external management of the school. This situation no longer holds good. Reforms were necessary in different spheres, settings and levels in order to bring agitate and transformation in school management.School management is a cooperative human endeavor, as Dash and Dash (2008) rightly pointed out. For an effective school management, teachers, parents, students and nevertheless the community members have to cooperate with the head of school (Dash and Dash 2008). This is the description of the idea of decentralization in school management which has been the driving force of educational reforms in the 1990s. Many schools adopted this school-based reform in many developing countries (Ng and Chan 2008). School-based management then came to light. The Economic Note (2007) defined School-based management as the opinionated decentralization to the school level of authority and responsibility to make decisions on significant matters related to school operations within a centrally obdurate framework of goals, policies, curriculum, standards, and accountability. It ensures significant, systematic, and sustained change as well as improving outcomes for every students in whichever settings and contributing socially and economically to a country (Caldwell 2005). decentralisation or school-based management varies from country to country and it can take different shapes (Economic Note 2007). One way of achieving this decentralization is through distributed attractionship. Leadership is the new turn out in education worldwide. It is crucial for all transformation and innovation (Spillane, Halverson and Diamond 2004). It is well-nigh empowering others as partners in leadinghip (Huber 2004). This concept was meant with the aim of de-loa ding the duties and responsibilities of the rector. Everyone now appoint the different responsibilities in managing the school.School management is not a simple task even in a small country like Mauritius, with a population of about 110,000 secondary coil students and 200 secondary schools. The concept of school-based management has been implemented to some extent even in our local schools. As earliest as Future in our hands by K. Jagatsing (1979), up to the recent Education and Human Resources Strategy broadcast 2008-2020 report, stressed were laid on the concept of decentralization in school management. Our Honorable Minister of Education, Dr. V.K.Bunwaree, talked about the decentralization of school management in these terms While the School Development Plan is available in all institutions as an indication of the direction to follow, the Rector needs support and resources to make critical decisions on a day-to-day basis. These decisions whitethorn well relate to pedagogical matters as much as to disciplinary cases. Nevertheless, it is also vital to understand that a Head of School cannot do it alone. He/She will have to resort to some delegation of responsibility and especially know when and how to do it (School Management Manual, 2009). New posts were created and distributed attractership is becoming more than and more a reality.1.1 Problem statementThe Mauritian education system is very hierarchical where all decisions are centralized on very few individuals. This starchy Weberian model of bureaucracy was inherited from our British colonial past. It had a quite coercive structure which is gradually being changed in an enabling one at all levels from pre-primary to tertiary education. This dissertation will consider the model which has been opted for by the Ministry of Education at secondary school level.There are three types of secondary schools in Mauritius namely State Secondary Schools and State Colleges, Private Secondary Schools and Fee Payin g Schools (Ministry of Education and Human Resources 2012). The Private secondary schools can be further classified into offstage aided and head-to-head un-aided schools. These schools are under the aegis of the Private Secondary School Authority (PSSA). Another classification of these schools is based upon their related confessions (PSSA 2012).At secondary school level, all managerial activities are centered on the rector. He is the only one responsible for the smooth test of the school. In the decentralization process of school-based management, the government created some new posts sharing the complex responsibilities of the rector. These posts as well as the duties and responsibilities they are entrusted with, are not the same in state secondary schools and private secondary schools.In Private secondary schools, we have the Head of Department HoD and the arm Leader posts that bring about the distributed leadership in the school-based management process. The HoD is mainly con cern with academic issues of the school. Teachers are divided into various departments according to the subjects they teach. The head of department provide leadership to the department. He helps the rector in monitoring teaching and learning in his department (PSSA 2010).The post of Section Leader is a rather new one which has been decreed in 2010 following the Pay Research Bureau tributes of 2008. This post is exclusively found in Private secondary schools. It is mostly an administrative post. The section leader is responsible the rector in solving indiscipline issues absences, etc. He must assist the rector in planning, organizing and coordinating activities. Pastoral care is also under his responsibility. He is to assist the rector in conducting examinations, preparation and distribution of time-tables (PSSA 2010).This dissertation will analyze to what extent are the heads of department and the section leaders helping the rector in school management. The relevance, effectivenes s and efficiency of these posts in private secondary schools will be dealt in depth.1.2 Aims and objectives1.2.1 AimsThe aim of the study is to rein out the efficiency, effectiveness and relevancy of distributed leadership in school-based management in private secondary schools in Mauritius with special reference to the role of section leaders and heads of department.1.2.2 ObjectivesTo evaluate the meet of distributed leadership in private secondary schools.To find out whether distributed leadership is considered as a solution to the various issues facing private secondary schools.To measure the extent to which the posts of section leader and head of department have decrease the work load of the rector.To evaluate the effectiveness of these posts in deliverance flexibility in managing the schools.To evaluate the improvement, if ever, in the relationship between teachers and rectors.To find out the impact of these posts on the teachers and their duties.To find out whether these po sts are sources of motivation for teachers or not.To compare the application of these two posts in schools with different settings and measure their respective efficiency, effectiveness and relevancy.1.3 Research questionsAccording to the objectives of the study, the research questions have been formulated as follows(1) What is the impact of distributed leadership in secondary schools in general and in private secondary schools in particular?(2) How is distributed leadership being applied in private secondary schools?(3) Is distributed leadership the proper solution in solving issues facing these schools?(4) How is the creation of the post of section leader and HoD decreasing the workload of the rector in these schools?(5) Have these posts brought more flexibility in the school management?(6) Has there been any improvement in teacher-rector relationship by the introduction of section leader and HoD?(7) What is the impact of section leaders and Hods on the teachers and their responsi bilities?(8) Is the creation of these posts a motivation for teachers?(9) What are the different responsibilities of section leaders and HoDs in different schools?1.4 Flow of dissertationChapter OneThis chapter is about the introduction of the dissertation. It comprises of the background, problem statement, aims, objectives and research questions. Distributed leadership is introduced and explained in brief terms from an international to a local perspective with precisions on the posts of HoD and Section leader.Chapter twoIt is the literature review chapter where literatures from the world of education were selected and written down. Both the international and local perspective were taken into account. It starts with definitions and explanations of key terms such as leadership, management and administration in the education sector. Then the school structure and the major reforms in it were elucidated. Decentralization, School-based management and distributed leadership were explaine d together with their criticism. Teacher leadership was give also mentioned which included the HoD and other middle manager posts. Furthermore an overview of the Mauritian context with the application of distributed leadership in Mauritian schools was explained.Chapter ThreeIt is the methodology chapter. Two schools were selected namely the Aleemiah Forms I-VI Boys College and the girls department of the Cosmopolitan College. The mix method was adopted to collect data. Interviews were carried out with rectors, HoDs and Section leaders. Two observations were carried out in both schools. Survey questionnaires were distributed to educators in both schools.Chapter FourIt is the result and discussion chapter where the data were thoroughly analyzed. SPSS were used to make bar-charts, pie-charts and cross-tabulations. The results obtained from observations and interviews were written and analyzed with relation to the literature review.Chapter FiveIt is the conclusion and recommendation ch apter. All the research questions were answered. The aims and objectives of the dissertation were reached. Some recommendations were made for a better distributed leadership in schools.

African Diaspora Essay examples -- African Diaspora Cultures

In simple terms, the Diaspora as a concept, describes groups of people who currently live or reside outside the original homelands. We leave behind approach the Diaspora from the lenses of migration that the migration of people through out of the African continent has assorted points of origin, different patterns and results in different identity formations. Yet, all of these patterns of dispersion and germination/ assimilation represent formations of the Diaspora. My paper will focus on the complexities of the question of whether or not Africans in the Diaspora should return to Africa. This will be focused through the lenses of the different phases in the Diaspora. The historical Diaspora confirms pre-colonial global dispersion and resettlement of Africans. These communities of relocated Africans identified and maintained a connection with Africa, while still maintaining a Loyalty to their choose country and making valid and positive contributions. This brings us to a new question, what exactly then are the identities of the African Diaspora and how was that identity forged under (in and after) slaveholding? Avatar Brah best illuminates the journey of identity formulation through the literature of the African Diaspora she wrote Diasporic identities are at once local and global. They are networks of the transnational identifications comprehend imagined and encountered communities (Brah, 1994). An individual can activate any number of choices on the path to their identity, thus the context and historical processes must be investigated. The Diaspora originated from historical and cultural experiences of the Jewish and Greek people, ... ...s as a group and to effective resistance to oppression. Theres no need in returning to Africa. Despite Cesaires construction of pre-colonial Africa as an aggregation of warm, communal societies, he never calls for a return. His concept of Negritude is future-orie nted and new-fangled. His position in Discourse is unequivocal and sterile attempt to repeat the past, but to get beyond. It is not a dead society that we want to revive. We leave that to those who go in for exorcismIt is a new society rich with all the productive power of modern times, warm with all the fraternity of olden days.(Cesaire, 2000) James Aggrey said many years ago that there is a new Africa coming today and it is a challenge to civilization. Joseph Harris added that the new Africa today is the world of African people, of Africa and its Diaspora.